Raman microprobe analysis

Nishioka, T., Shinoda, Y., and Ohmachi, Y. Raman Microprobe Analysis of Stress in Ge and GaAs/Ge on Si02-Coated Si Substrates. J. Appl. Phys. 57(2) 276-281 (1985)... 

Under the action of mechanical stresses, the transformation of the tetragonal phase can proceed (a to c in Fig. 8.57). Such a process can occur at crack tips in materials in which the t-ZrOj has been retained below the equilibrium transformation temperature. Indeed, using a variety of techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction and Raman microprobe analysis, it has been confirmed that some or all of the t-ZrOj can be transformed to the monoclinic phase in the vicinity of the fracture surface. Figure 8.59 shows microscopic evidence of a transformation zone around a crack. 

E Etz. Raman microprobe analysis Principles and applications. Scan Electron Microsc 1 67-92, 1979. 

Fig. 1 Raman microprobe analysis of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Raman spectrum of a microparticle, particle size about 20 pm 30 pm, Ao = 514.5 nm, 6 mW (at sample), beam spot 1 pm diameter, integration time 2 s, number of readings 30...

Fig, 2 Raman microprobe analysis of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in the C—H frequency range. Experimental conditions as in... 

We will confine ourselves to those applications concerned with chemical analysis, although the Raman microprobe also enables the stress and strain imposed in a sample to be examined. Externally applied stress-induced changes in intramolecular distances of the lattice structures are reflected in changes in the Raman spectrum, so that the technique may be used, for example, to study the local stresses and strains in polymer fibre and ceramic fibre composite materials. 

Guineau, B. (1989), Nondestructive analysis of organic pigments and dyes using raman microprobe, microfluorimeter and absorption microspectrophotometer, Stud. Conserv. 34, 38-AA. 

During investigations we were analyzing samples by methods of X-ray diffraction, electron scanning microscopy, microprobe analysis, atomic force microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with preliminary attracting of the another methods including optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis and some of others. 

Optical examination of etched polished surfaces or small particles can often identify compounds or different minerals hy shape, color, optical properties, and the response to various etching attempts. A semi-quantitative elemental analysis can he used for elements with atomic number greater than four by SEM equipped with X-ray fluorescence and various electron detectors. The electron probe microanalyzer and Auer microprobe also provide elemental analysis of small areas. The secondary ion mass spectroscope, laser microprobe mass analyzer, and Raman microprobe analyzer can identify elements, compounds, and molecules. Electron diffraction patterns can be obtained with the TEM to determine which crystalline compounds are present. Ferrography is used for the identification of wear particles in lubricating oils. 

Raman Spectroscopy Detecting forged medieval manuscripts (Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 3658-3661. "Analysis of Pigmentary Materials on the Vinland Map and Tartar Relation by Raman Microprobe Spectroscopy")... 

Aerosol Heterogeneity. The variation of the chemical composition from particle to particle within an aerosol size class has been probed in a number of ways. Single-particle chemical analysis has been achieved by using the laser Raman microprobe (25) and analytical scanning electron microscopy (26). With the electron microscope techniques, the particle can be sized as well as analyzed chemically, so the need for classification prior to sample collection is reduced. Analyzing hundreds to thousands of particles provides the information necessary to track the particles back to their different sources but is extremely time consuming. 

Characterization thus involves analytical electron microscopy, ordinary microprobe analysis or other techniques for localizing elements or chemical compounds (Scanning Auger Spectroscopy, Raman Microprobe, Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry). It also requires, in most cases, some physical separation of the catalyst for separate analysis (e.g., near surface parts and center of pellets, by peeling or progressive abrasion pellets present at various heights in the catalyst bed, etc.). 

Conventionally, wide-field Raman microprobes are applied for such mappings, but, recently, confocal microscope systems have also been used (Bridges et al., 2004 Puppels et al., 1990, 1991 Schliicker et al., 2003). Confocal microscopy originated from biological applications with the goal of analysis of the insides of cells without destruction of the cell membrane. Confocal microscopy selectively rejects any information from planes closer or further from the focal plane. Confocal microscopy is a... 

In the study of minerals and other geological materials, Raman spectroscopy has been applied for chemical analysis and in studies of molecular and crystal structure, and of elastic and thermodynamic properties. A particularly important field for the application of Raman spectroscopy in chemical analysis is in the study of fluid inclusions in minerals, where the Raman microprobe has been developed to enable nondestructive in... 

Rosasco, G. J., and E. Roedder (1979). Application of a new Raman microprobe spectrometer to nondestructive analysis of sulfate and other ions in individual phases in fluid inclusions in minerals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43, 1907-15. 

XRD, X-ray diffraction XRF, X-ray fluorescence AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry ICP-MS, Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy IC, ion chromatography EPMA, electron probe microanalysis SEM, scanning electron microscope ESEM, environmental scanning electron microscope HRTEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy LAMMA, laser microprobe mass analysis XPS, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy RLMP, Raman laser microprobe analysis SHRIMP, sensitive high resolution ion microprobe. PIXE, proton-induced X-ray emission FTIR, Fourier transform infrared. 

Instrumentation Radiocarbon dating, microscopy, micro-X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM),Particle-induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (PIXE), Raman microprobe spectroscopy... 

Brown, Katherine L., and Robin J.H. Clark. 2002. Analysis of pigmentary materials on the Vinland map and tartar relation by Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 74 3658-3661. 

VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY USING TUNABLE LASERS, Robin S. McDowell INFRARED AND RAMAN VIBRATIONAL OPTICAL ACTIVITY, L. A. Nafie RAMAN MICROPROBE SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS, John J. Blaha THE LOCAL MODE MODEL, Bryan R. Henry... 

RH Atalla and UP Agarwal. Raman Microprobe Optimization and Sampling Technique for Studies of Plant Cell Walls. In AD Romig and DI Goldstein, eds. Microbeam Analysis. San Francisco San Francisco Press, 1984, pp. 125-126. 

The Raman microprobe has played a crilical role in the authentication of some presumed aticient documents such as the Vinlimd map (see the Instrumental Analysis in Action feature at the end of Section. 7). In the case of the map, the presence of TiO. in the ink was shown conclusively by Raman microscopy. 

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