Tartar relation

Raman Spectroscopy Detecting forged medieval manuscripts (Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 3658-3661. "Analysis of Pigmentary Materials on the Vinland Map and Tartar Relation by Raman Microprobe Spectroscopy")... 

Skelton, R. A. The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation Yale Univ. Press New Haven, 1965. 

Brown, Katherine L., and Robin J.H. Clark. 2002. Analysis of pigmentary materials on the Vinland map and tartar relation by Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 74 3658-3661. 

The case for the authenticity of the map was enhanced when it was discovered that wormholes in the map lined up exactly with wormholes In the "Tartar Relation" and in another authentic medieval document, the Speculum lllsloriale." The map was thought to have been bound with these two documents at one lime,... 

Tapping mode, AFM, 618 Tartar relation, 624,625 TCD (thermal conductivity detector), 794,795 Temperature... 

The original commercial source of E was extraction from bovine adrenal glands (5). This was replaced by a synthetic route for E and NE (Eig. 1) similar to the original pubHshed route of synthesis (6). Eriedel-Crafts acylation of catechol [120-80-9] with chloroacetyl chloride yields chloroacetocatechol [99-40-1]. Displacement of the chlorine by methylamine yields the methylamine derivative, adrenalone [99-45-6] which on catalytic reduction yields (+)-epinephrine [329-65-7]. Substitution of ammonia for methylamine in the sequence yields the amino derivative noradrenalone [499-61-6] which on reduction yields (+)-norepinephrine [138-65-8]. The racemic compounds were resolved with (+)-tartaric acid to give the physiologically active (—)-enantiomers. The commercial synthesis of E and related compounds has been reviewed (27). The synthetic route for L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine [59-92-7] (l-DOPA) has been described (28). 

Like the closely related compound polyethylene glycol, PPG is used as a thickener in many products. It is used in toothpaste to prevent bacteria from breaking down the pyrophosphates that control tartar buildup. 

Aluminium toxicity is a major stress factor in many acidic soils. At soil pH levels below 5.0, intense solubilization of mononuclear A1 species strongly limits root growth by multiple cytotoxic effects mainly on root meristems (240,241). There is increasing evidence that A1 complexation with carboxylates released in apical root zones in response to elevated external Al concentration is a widespread mechanism for Al exclusion in many plant species (Fig. 10). Formation of stable Al complexes occurs with citrate, oxalate, tartarate, and—to a lesser extent— also with malate (86,242,243). The Al carboxylate complexes are less toxic than free ionic Al species (244) and are not taken up by plant roots (240). This explains the well-documented alleviatory effects on root growth in many plant species by carboxylate applications (citric, oxalic, and tartaric acids) to the culture media in presence of toxic Al concentrations (8,244,245) Citrate, malate and oxalate are the carboxylate anions reported so far to be released from Al-stressed plant roots (Fig. 10), and Al resistance of species and cultivars seems to be related to the amount of exuded carboxylates (246,247) but also to the ability to maintain the release of carboxylates over extended periods (248). In contrast to P deficiency-induced carboxylate exudation, which usually increases after several days or weeks of the stress treatment (72,113), exudation of carboxylates in response to Al toxicity is a fast reaction occurring within minutes to several hours... 

In our experiments, the solutions of Bi(NC>3)3 (E-Merck, AR), in different concentrations (0.071, 0.078, 0.087, 0.095, 0.103 and 0.111 M), were prepared and sonicated for 30 min, keeping in mind the relation between pH and solubility after which the salt got hydrolysed. Precipitate thus obtained after the sonication was found to be of BiOCNOs) which was soluble in dilute HC1 and HNO3 but insoluble in tartaric acid. 

The configuration of (-)-glyceraldehyde was related through reactions of known stereochemistry to (+)-tartaric acid. 

The electron paramagnetic resonance effect was discovered in 1944 by E. K. Zavoisky in Kazan, in the Tartar republic of the then-USSR, as an outcome of what we would nowadays call a purely curiosity-driven research program apparently not directly related to WW-II associated technological developments (Kochelaev and Yablokov 1995). However, a surplus of radar components following the end of the war did boost the development of EPR spectroscopy, in particular, after the X-band ( X meaning to be kept a secret from the enemy) was entered in Oxford, U.K., in 1947 (Bagguley and Griffith 1947). 

Biosyntheses of hexuronic acids and L-ascorbic acid in plants and animals are closely related. Hexuronic acids, L-ascorbic acid, and L-tartaric acid (a possible precursor of dihydroxyfumaric acid) commonly occur together in plants. If a rat is given chloretone (an antispasmodic), both L-ascorbic acid and D-glucuronic acid are excreted in increased quantity.244 Unlike humans, rats can synthesize their own vitamin C, and are therefore independent of outside sources. Here, D-glucose and D-galactose can be utilized, but not D-mannose. 

A young Louis Pasteur observed that many salts of tartaric acid formed chiral crystals (which he knew was related to their ability to rotate the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light). He succeeded in solving the mystery of racemic acid when he found that the sodium ammonium salt of racemic acid could be crystallized to produce a crystal conglomerate. After physical separation of the macroscopic enantiomers with a dissecting needle, Pasteur... 

Pasteur thus made the important deduction that the rotation of polarized light caused by different tartaric acid salt crystals was the property of chiral molecules. The (+)- and ( )-tartaric acids were thought to be related as an object to its mirror image in three dimensions. These tartaric acid salts were dissymmetric and enantiomorphous at the molecular level. It was this dissymmetry that provided the power to rotate the polarized light. 

Tartaric Acid-Modified Me/Support Hydrogenation Catalysts and Related Systems.502... 

The chapter Chiral Modification of Catalytic Surfaces [84] in Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts New Approaches based on Synthesis, Characterization and Modelling summarizes the fundamental research related to the chiral hydrogenation of a-ketoesters on cinchona-modified platinum catalysts and that of [3-ketoesters on tartaric acid-modified nickel catalysts. Emphasis is placed on the adsorption of chiral modifiers as well as on the interaction of the modifier and the organic reactant on catalytic surfaces. 

There are stability problems in urines stored for analysis. Fifty percent of delta-aminolevulinic acid was lost in specimens stored without preservative and exposed to light for 24 hours (V3). The loss increased to 80% in 48 hours, 85% in 72 hours, and 95% in 2 weeks. However, the same specimens acidified with tartaric acid and stored in the dark lost 2% of the aminolevulinic acid in 72 hours and 6% in 2 weeks (V3). The destruction of catecholamines collected in nonacidified urine specimens is well documented (Cll). Urinary acid phosphatase was destroyed on freezing (S15). The effect was related to increasing salt concentration during freezing and was prevented by the addition of albumin (S15). 

Saito et al. (32,121) developed a variety of tartaric acid derivatives, including Ci-symmetric chiral alkenes such as 76. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between 76 and 77 gave primarily endo-1%. (Scheme 12.26) The diastereofacial selectivity of the reaction is excellent, as endo-1% is obtained with >98% de. Other cyclic and acyclic nitrones have been employed in reactions with 76, and in all cases, moderate to excellent endo/exo-selectivities and excellent diastereofacial selectiv-ities were obtained (32,121). Three other research groups have applied various y-hydroxylated ot,p-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in related reactions with nitrones (122-124). However, the selectivities were somewhat lower than those obtained by Saito and et al. (32,121). 

Osmium tetroxide oxidation of (- )-( )-cyclooctene (6) afforded the ( + )-diol 7 whose absolute configuration was related to that of (+ )-tartaric acid (9) via the (+)-dimethoxy derivative 8. The (R)-configuration assigned by this correlation has been confirmed by a number of direct or indirect approaches. 

We reported recently on the (—)dios ligand synthesis from L-(+)-tartaric acid and a related ddios ligand, the dihydroxy derivative that resulted from acid cleavage of the isopropylidene acetal group (21). 

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