Radar, development

I was working at Bell Telephone Laboratories at that time. Much of the radar development came out of applied work in industrial laboratories, and so did microwave spectroscopy. I persuaded the Bell Laboratories to let me do microwave spectroscopy, and so it started at Bell Labs, but it also started at General Electric, where a friend of mine began it. He did a little bit of work, but then the General Electric people said, no, you must stop, it s not going to have any use for us, we have no applications. So this work had to stop at General Electric. At RCA, another important electrical company, a friend of mine started it there, and he worked on it for a while, and the company said, no, that s of no value to us, we won t pay you anything for it, you must stop. 

M. E. Davis, Technical challenges in ultra wide-band radar development for target detection and terrain mapping , in Proc. IEEE 1999 Radar Conf., Boston, MA, April 1999, pp. 1-6. 

Artis, Jean-Paul Henrio, Jean-Frangois Automotive Radar Development Methodology, International Conference on Radar Systems, Brest, France, 1999. 

G. T. Seaborg and E. M. McMillan. The Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1951 was awarded jointly to Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin M. McMillan, both of the University of California, for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements." Dr. Seaborg is chairman of the Division of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry at the University of California. Dr. McMillan worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in connection with radar development, collaborated with J. Robert Oppenheimer in organizing the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and did the initial work that led to the discovery of elements heavier than uranium. 

Where effects are known to be dependent on pulsed exposures, and the temporal nature of the exposures is modeled or measured, the exposures can be characterized using a tool such as the Risk Assessment Tool to Evaluate Duration and Recovery (RADAR), developed as part of the efforts of ECOFR AM (ECOFRAM1999 Reinert et al. 2002). This tool provides information on pulse magnitude, duration, and interpulse interval, which is particularly useful for assessing likely effects on classes of organisms with known recovery times and time-exposure responses. 

I found out a little about the chemistry involved, and4 I did convince myself that I had found some alpha particles. But we were about to get into war, and this work was not completed when I was called away to go into radar development. 

During World War II, there were enormous advances in microwave technology at radar development laboratories, especially in... 

Some perspective on the evolution of measuring elements written by a person who headed radar development in the United Kingdom during World War II. 

Frisch and Peierls finished their two reports and took them to Oli-phant. He quizzed the men thoroughly, added a cover letter to their memoranda ( I have considered these suggestions in some detail and have had considerable discussion with the authors, with the result that I am convinced that the whole thing must be taken rather seriously, if only to make sure that the other side are not occupied in the production of such a bomb at the present time ) and sent letter and documents off to Henry Thomas Tizard, an Oxford man, a chemist by training, the driving force behind British radar development, the civilian chairman of the Committee on the Scientific Survey of Air Defense—better known as the Tizard Committee—which was the most important British committee at the time concerned with the application of science to war. 

The Calcium Halophosphate Phosphors. Early fluorescent lamps used various combinations of naturally occurring fluorescent minerals. The development of the calcium halophosphate phosphor, Ca (P0 2(Cl, F) Sb ", Mn, in the 1940s was a significant breakthrough in fluorescent lighting (7). As is often the case in new phosphor discoveries, this phosphor was found accidentally while searching for phosphors for radar screens. 

Frequency Allocations. Under ideal conditions, an optimum frequency or frequency band should be selected for each appHcation of microwave power. Historically, however, development of the radio spectmm has been predominantly for communications and information processing purposes, eg, radar or radio location. Thus within each country and to some degree through international agreements, a complex Hst of frequency allocations and regulations on permitted radiated or conducted signals has been generated. Frequency allocations developed later on a much smaller scale for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) appHcations. 

Vinyl chloride (1835) formed by reacting acetylene with hydrochloric acid, was polymerized a.v polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in 1912, The theory of polymerization by Staudinger in the 1920s- led to the advances that followed. The acrylate were polymerized as polymethylmethacrylate to come into production in 1927. Polystyrene was developed. similarly and concurrently. Polyethylene came into production in 1939 for use in radar and now is ubiquitous. 

It is said that necessity is the mother of invention. This adage says volumes about the early development of the laser. Unring World War II, U.S. mihtaiy and civilian scientists searched frantically for improved radar. Wliile these researchers met with only mixed success, their efforts spurred basic research. After the war, using knowledge gained from this line of inquiiy, the first successful laser was developed in 1960. 

Many ideas for advancing electrical and electronic systems have been adopted since the early 1940s, which saw the start of high electronic frequency radar systems. The earliest major use of plastics for electrical insulation early in last century come with the advent of developments in electrical... 

Optoelectronic devices are found in numerous consumer products such as television, compact-disk players, laser communications, laser printers, radar detectors, cellular telephones, direct-broad-cast television, and many others. Many of these applications were developed in Japan and that country is still prominent in the field. 

The electron paramagnetic resonance effect was discovered in 1944 by E. K. Zavoisky in Kazan, in the Tartar republic of the then-USSR, as an outcome of what we would nowadays call a purely curiosity-driven research program apparently not directly related to WW-II associated technological developments (Kochelaev and Yablokov 1995). However, a surplus of radar components following the end of the war did boost the development of EPR spectroscopy, in particular, after the X-band ( X meaning to be kept a secret from the enemy) was entered in Oxford, U.K., in 1947 (Bagguley and Griffith 1947). 

Ever since World War II spurred the development of technological advances such as radar, synthetic antimalarials, and synthetic rubber, our nation s strengths... 

A major contribution from chemistry and chemical engineering has been the development of materials with important military applications. Chemists and chemical engineers, working with experts from areas such as electronics, materials science, and physics, have contributed to such developments as new explosives and propellants, reactive armor (a complex material with an explosive layer that can reduce the penetration of an incoming projectile), and stealth materials that reduce the detectability of aircraft by radar. 

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