Radical-Induced Damage

Dizdaroglu, M. (1991). Chemical determination of free radical-induced damage to DNA. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 10, 225-230. 

Green, C.J., Healing, G., Lunec, J., FuUer, B.J. and Simpkin, S. (1986a). Evidence of free radical-induced damage in rabbit kidneys after simple hypothermic preservation and autotransplantation. Transplantation 41, 161-165. 

An area of substantial current interest is the relationship between free-radical-induced damage to muscle and the role of calcium in contraction-induced damage. We have undertaken studies of isolated skeletal muscles to specifically look at this area. 

Further research is required to establish whether free-radical-induced damage is a primary event in diabetes. Tissue damage, which is associated with inactivation of antioxidants and release of metal ions that are potent catalysts of free radical reactions, can lead to lipid peroxidation. This raises the possibility that the diabetic process itself or other frctors may increase free-radical activity following direct tissue damage. 

Dilly O, loemJ B, Vos A, Munch JC (2004) Bacterial diversity in agricultural soils during litter decomposition. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 468-474 Dizdaroglu M (1991) Chemical determination of free radical-induced damage to DNA. Free Radical Biol Med 10 225-242 Eaton RW, Ribbons DW (1982) Metabolism of dimethylphthalate by Micrococcus sp. strain 12B. JBacteriol 151 465-467... 

DNA is very susceptible to radical-induced damage. The structural changes in DNA can cause cytotoxicity affecting the replication of DNA in vivo. 

Furthermore, taurine was found to reduce hydroxyl radical-induced damage to DNA... 

Catterall H, Davies MJ, Gilbert BC (1992) An EPR study of the transfer of radical-induced damage from the base to sugar in nucleic acid components relevance to the occurrence of strand-breakage. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2 1379-1385... 

Vieira AJSC, Steenken S (1990) Pattern of OH radical reaction with adenine and its nucleosides and nucleotides. Characterization of two types of isomeric OH adduct and their unimolecular transformation reactions. J Am Chem Soc 112 6986-6994 Vieira AJSC, Steenken S (1991) Pattern of OH radical reaction with N6,N6,9-trimethyladenine. Dehy-droxylation and ring-opening of isomeric OH-adducts. J PhysChem 95 9340-9346 Vieira AJSC, Candeias LP, Steenken S (1993) Hydroxyl radical induced damage to the purine bases of DNA in vitro studies. J Chim Phys 90 881-897... 

Roots R, Chatterjee A, Blakely E, Chang P, Smith K, Tobias C (1982) Radiation responses in air-, nitrous oxide-, and nitrogen-saturated mammalian cells. Radiat Res 92 245-254 Roots R, Chatterjee A, Chang P, Lommel L, Blakely EA (1985) Characterization on hydroxyl radical-induced damage after sparsely and densely ionizing irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 47 157-166 Roti Roti JL, Cerutti PA (1974) Gamma-ray induced thymine damage in mammalian cells. Int J Radiat Biol 25 413-417... 

Dizdaroglu M, Jaruga B Birincioglu M, Rodriguex H. Free radical-induced damage to DNA mechanism and measurement. Free Radic Biol Med 2002 32 1 102-1 I 15. 

Because free radicals are necessary for life, the human body has a number of mechanisms to minimize free-radical-induced damage and to repair the damage that does occur, such as the primary enzymes superoxide dismu-tase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione... 

Molyneux MJ, Davies MJ. 1995. Direct evidence for hydroxyl radical-induced damage to nucleic acids by chromium(VI)-derived species Implications for chromium carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 16(4) 875-882. 

Figure 1.6. DNA, histones, and cell division. Shown are (1) the structure of DNA, histones and genetic material (2) changes in genetic material via radiation or free radical induced damage and (3) the cell cycle, synthesis of DNA and mitosis.

Such studies in excised skin showed that skin antioxidant systems are compromised by a single dose of UV light, and that UVB irradiation probably initiates free radical production, depleting cutaneous antioxidants. But no free radical-induced damage was directly detected, and antioxidant supplementation was not attempted. 

A summary of various clashes of radicals has been given above. Obviously many radicals have not been directly specified but, hopefully, those of biological importance have largely been covered. In the following chapters many points raised herein are elaborated. In Chapter 2, we cover different ways in which radicals are generated, and ways in which biological systems protect themselves from radical induced damage. In Chapter 3, methods of direct and indirect detection of radical intermediates are outlined. 

Vieira AJSC, Candeias LP, Steenken S. (1993) Hydroxyl radical induced damage to the purine bases of DNA In vitro studies. J Chim Rhys 90 881-897. 

Recent research has shown that combustion sources can generate radicals that are stabilized by associated with particulate matter. This same particulate matter becomes a component of airborne PM2.5. (fine particulate matter (smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter). PM2.5 is known to initiate lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease however, the mechanism has not been identified. DNA and cellular assay results indicate that combustion and PM2.5 can cause radical induced damage to DNA. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies, the responsible species appear to be semiquinone-type radicals. These studies reveal that radicals, heretofore thought to be too unstable to survive in the atmosphere, can be stabilized by association with particles and initiate biological damage. 

Baker GL, Corry RJ, Autor AP. Oxygen free radical induced damage in kidneys subjected to warm ischemia and reperfrision. Protective effect of supetoxide dismutase. Ann Surg 1985 202 628-641. 

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