Cardiopulmonary disease

Metabolic or respiratory acidosis Cautiously institute amiloride in severely ill patients in whom respiratory or metabolic acidosis may occur, such as patients with cardiopulmonary disease or poorly controlled diabetes. Monitor acid-base balance frequently. Shifts in acid-base balance alter the ratio of extracellular/intracellular potassium the development of acidosis may be associated with rapid increases in serum potassium. 

Therapy, since neither white cell nor platelet count are raised, is venesection at whatever interval necessary to maintain packed cell volume between 40% and 45%. If this continues long enough iron stores will be depleted and the time between consecutive blood collections is extended. This deficiency state should not be corrected except in the very rare circumstance of paradoxical hyperviscosity where symptoms are related to the poor deformability of the hyprchromic and microcytic red cells in the microcirculation. Where possible, underlying medical illnesses such as cardiopulmonary disease, should be corrected and the patient advised to stop smoking. In those individuals where respiratory function is normal during the day it is necessary to repeat this whilst asleep at which time the hypoxic stimulus may be revealed. 

The signs and symptoms of intoxication include irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat and reflex bronchoconstriction. If severe exposure has occurred, delayed onset pulmonary edema may be observed. Cumulative effects from chronic low-level exposure to S02 are not striking, particularly in humans. Chronic exposure, however, has been associated with aggravation of chronic cardiopulmonary disease. Treatment is not specific for S02 but depends on therapeutic maneuvers utilized in the treatment of irritation of the respiratory tract. 

Some types of laser surgery should not be performed on pregnant women or on patients with severe cardiopulmonary disease or other serious health problems. 

Absorption of theophylline from the gastrointestinal tract is usually rapid and complete. Some 90% is metabolised by the liver and there is evidence that the process is saturable at therapeutic doses. The tis 8 h, with substantial variation, and it is prolonged in patients with severe cardiopulmonary disease and cirrhosis. Obesity and prematurity are associated with reduced rates of elimination, whereas tobacco smoking enhances theophylline clearance by inducing hepatic P450 enzymes. Because of these pharmacokinetic factors and low therapeutic index, monitoring of the plasma theophylline concentration is necessary to optimise its therapeutic effect and minimise the risk of adverse reactions the optimum concentration range is 10-20 mg/1 (55-110 mmol/1). 

Medearis DN Jr, Neill CA, Markowitz M. Influenza and cardiopulmonary disease. II. Med Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 1963 32 813-16. 

The Fen-Phen combination regimen started in 1992 after the publication of an article that showed dramatic weight loss when both drugs were taken together. In 1995, the FDA was asked to approve a new diet drug, dexfenfluramine or Redux. Developed by Interneuron Pharmaceuticals Inc., a Massachusetts company, Redux is a purified form of fenfluramine. However, prior reports had linked fenfluramine use with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), a rare but potentially fatal cardiopulmonary disease. The FDA finally approved fenfluramine and Redux went on the market in April 1996. In July 1997, the Mayo Clinic released results from a study that found 24 cases of heart... 

Kao AH, Manzi S. How to manage patients with cardiopulmonary disease Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2002 16 211-227. 

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common systemic inflammatory disease, and is characterized by symmetrical joint involvement. Extra-articular involvement including rheumatoid nodules, vasculitis, eye inflammation, neurologic dysfunction, cardiopulmonary disease, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly are manifestations of the disease. Although the usual disease course is chronic, some patients will enter a remission spontaneously. 

Usually the cause of pulmonary hypertension can be assigned to related parenchymal lung disease, heart disease, thromboembolism, or pulmonary, vascular disease. Pulmonary hypertension is termed idiopathic (or primary), however, when it occurs in patients in the absence of associated cardiopulmonary disease and when no other apparent cause for the disease is discernible. Primary pulmonary hypertension is a very rare disease that occurs predominantly in young female patients between the ages of 20 to 40 years (Wood, 1956). It is usually progressive and fatal, with the average survival time from the onset of symptoms being 2 to 3 years (Bourdillon and Oakley, 1976). 

Recent research has shown that combustion sources can generate radicals that are stabilized by associated with particulate matter. This same particulate matter becomes a component of airborne PM2.5. (fine particulate matter (smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter). PM2.5 is known to initiate lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease however, the mechanism has not been identified. DNA and cellular assay results indicate that combustion and PM2.5 can cause radical induced damage to DNA. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies, the responsible species appear to be semiquinone-type radicals. These studies reveal that radicals, heretofore thought to be too unstable to survive in the atmosphere, can be stabilized by association with particles and initiate biological damage. 

After a few days of treatment, Will Sichel s crisis was resolved. In the future, should Will suffer a cerebrovascular accident as a consequence of vascular occlusion or have recurrent life-threatening episodes, a course of long-term maintenance blood transfusions to prevent repeated sickle crises may be indicated. Iron chelation would have to accompany such a program to prevent or delay the development of iron overload. Althongh a few individuals with this disease have survived into the sixth decade, mean survival is probably into the fourth decade. Death usually results from renal failure or cardiopulmonary disease. 

The antiviral actions of ribavirin include inhibition of RNA polymerases, inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis, and interference with viral coating. Ribavirin is used by aerosol inhalation for respiratory syncytial vims infections in premature infants and children with cardiopulmonary disease. The answer is (D). 

Effects SO2 forms sulfurous acid on contact with moist mucous membranes this acid is responsible for most of the pathologic effects. Conjunctival and bronchial irritation (especially in asthmatics) are the primary signs of exposure. Five to 10 ppm in the air is enough to cause severe bronchospasm. Heavy exposure may lead to delayed pulmonary edema. Chronic low-level exposure may aggravate cardiopulmonary disease. 

Guz A, Noble MIM, Eisele JH, Trenchard D (1970) Experimental results of vagal block in cardiopulmonary disease. In Potter R (ed) Breathing Hering-Breuer centenary symposium. Churchill, London, pp 315-328... 

Mails Firm. pink. Spoon shaped nails. Brittle and lidged nails. Cardiopulmonary disease. 

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