Kidney 524 Subject

Green, C.J., HeaUng, G., Simpkin, S., Lunec, J. and FuUer, B.J. (1986c). Desferrioxamine reduces susceptibUity to lipid peroxidation in rabbit kidneys subjected to warm ischaemia and reperfusion. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 85B, 113-117. 

We have recently demonstrated PARP activation in rat models of I-R injury in which the role of ROS and oxidative stress have been investigated using the deferoxamine and the ROS-scavengerTempol, both of which inhibited PARP activation in the reperfiised kidney su esting the existence of a PARP-suicide pathway within the kidney subjected to 1-R and its significant role in the development of ischaemic ARF. ... 

Baker GL, Corry RJ, Autor AP. Oxygen free radical induced damage in kidneys subjected to warm ischemia and reperfrision. Protective effect of supetoxide dismutase. Ann Surg 1985 202 628-641. 

The use of impedimetric-based sensing strategies for biomedical applications is scarce compared to potentiometric or voltammetric bioinspired devices. Even so, some successful applications have been reported. Ivorra et al. (2003) and Geneses et al. (2005) developed miniaturized platinum four-electrode probes for in vivo electrical bio-impedance measurements. The results obtained in vivo nsing rat kidneys subjected to ischemia showed that this type of probe could be used as a helpful marker of tissue condition. Indeed, since impedance modulus and phase were measured at low frequency it was possible to evaluate extracellular pH and potassium levels. Moreover, the device was also partially successful in identifying kidneys that have suffered previous warm ischemia. 

In normal human subjects, ANP infusion for one hour causes increased absolute and fractional sodium excretion, urine flow, GFR, and water clearance (53—55). As shown in many in vitro and in vivo animal studies, ANP achieves this by direct effect on the sodium reabsorption in the inner medullary collecting duct, ie, by reducing vasopressin-dependent free-water and sodium reabsorption leading to diuresis and by indirect effect through increased hemodynamic force upon the kidney. ANP inhibits the release of renin and aldosterone resulting in the decreased plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration (56,57). 

Resolution of Racemic Amines and Amino Acids. Acylases (EC3.5.1.14) are the most commonly used enzymes for the resolution of amino acids. Porcine kidney acylase (PKA) and the fungaly3.spet i//us acylase (AA) are commercially available, inexpensive, and stable. They have broad substrate specificity and hydrolyze a wide spectmm of natural and unnatural A/-acyl amino acids, with exceptionally high enantioselectivity in almost all cases. Moreover, theU enantioselectivity is exceptionally good with most substrates. A general paper on this subject has been pubUshed (106) in which the resolution of over 50 A/-acyl amino acids and analogues is described. Also reported are the stabiUties of the enzymes and the effect of different acyl groups on the rate and selectivity of enzymatic hydrolysis. Some of the substrates that are easily resolved on 10—100 g scale are presented in Figure 4 (106). Lipases are also used for the resolution of A/-acylated amino acids but the rates and optical purities are usually low (107). 

B2 knockout embryos subjected to salt stress in utero show suppressed renin expression and an abnormal kidney phenotype and develop early postnatal hypertension. Consistently, although basal bradykinin formation is defective tissue kallikrein-null mice have normal blood pressure however suffer from cardiovascular abnormalities. However suggesting a function of kinin signaling during development. 

The study of the mechanism of urinary excretion of amylase and the amylase clearance has been the subject of many studies in recent years. Levitt et. al (79) studied the renal clearance of amylase in renal insufficiency, acute pancreatitis and macro-amylasemia. In acute pancreatitis, the kidney cleared amylase at a markedly increased rate. The ratio of the amylase clearance rate to the creatinine clearance rate (Cgm/Ccr) averaged 3 times normal early in the course of acute pancreatitis, and this elevation could persist after the serum amylase returned to normal. Comparison of an lase clearance to creatinine clearance was to minimize irrelevant changes due to variation in renal function. The increased clearance of amylase makes the urinary amylase a more sensitive indicator of pancreatitis. 

Beef kidney samples were analyzed for atrazine by dispersing 0.5-g portions of kidney with 2-g portions of XAD-7 HP resin for matrix solid-phase dispersion. " By using a mortar and pestle, a powder-like mixture was prepared that was subjected to subcritical extraction using ethanol-modified water at 100 °C and 50 atm. The ethanol-water extract was sampled using a CW-DVB SPME fiber for direct analysis using ion-trap GC/MS, and the recoveries were quantitative for atrazine at the 0.2 mg kg fortification level. 

In the foregoing example, the drug was administered to a healthy subject who had normal kidney and liver function. The estimated biological half-life in this... 

The main rout of excretion of the drug and its metabolites is the kidney with a half-life of 9-18 h in human. In contrast to human, animal models have a lower elimination half-life ranging from 0.6-9 h [78]. The elimination half-life of valproic acid and some metabolites was found to be much longer in the neonates (40-50 h) than adult subjects (9-18 h) [78,81]. One study reported no difference between the elimination half-life between elderly and young subjects (15.4 and 13.0 h, respectively) while other found an increase in for older patients (14.9 versus 7.2 h for young patients) [78,90], Insignificant amounts of valproic acid are found in breast milk, approximately 3% of maternal drug levels [84]. 

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