Questioning decisions

The above quoted letter of the International Tracing Service additionally proves that the Wuppertal judge Klein did not even try to search for more detailed documents about Freimark s illness. Judge Klein has told the Tracing Service that the only question decisive for this trial would be if the witness Freimark was still interned in Auschwitz in September 18, 1944.89... 

General Preliminary Execution Plan Validity Check Project Specific Durations Questions/Decisions Master Project Schedule Firm Execution Plan Presentation Compressing the Schedule Project Coordination Procedure... 

All you have to do is to spot the aromatic rings in these compounds. It may not be as easy as you think and you should give some reasons for questionable decisions. 

Many of the classic experiments in cognitive dissonance involved the unwillingness of subjects to entertain information that called into question decisions they had made in the past. According to equation (5),... 

More is not always better. Engineers need efficient quality searches and missing a critical paper can be costly in time, effort, money, and loss of equipment, structure, and life. At this point, there is no definitive report on the Deepwater Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, but there are reports of some questionable decisions in construction and materials. Whether the reason was a business decision based on costs, corner cutting, or faulty engineering decisions, or none of these will be decided as the study continues. However, it is clear that the best information is always needed to provide the basis for making decisions that impact both the business bottom line as well as the people and environment affected by these decisions. 

While average performance in most functions deteriorates witii age, individual differences increase significantly so that chronological age is not a very valid indicator of a specific individual s performance. This makes chronological age a questionable decision criterion for license restrictions or remedial training (Midwinter, 2005). 

Analytical models using classical reservoir engineering techniques such as material balance, aquifer modelling and displacement calculations can be used in combination with field and laboratory data to estimate recovery factors for specific situations. These methods are most applicable when there is limited data, time and resources, and would be sufficient for most exploration and early appraisal decisions. However, when the development planning stage is reached, it is becoming common practice to build a reservoir simulation model, which allows more sensitivities to be considered in a shorter time frame. The typical sorts of questions addressed by reservoir simulations are listed in Section 8.5. 

Depending on the type of problem, different netw ork architectures and different learning strategics can be applied. When addressing a problem decisions on the following questions arc crucial ... 

Foster s neglect of the role of the adsorbed film was unavoidable in the then absence of any reliable information as to the thickness of the film. It is now known that in fact the effect of the film on the calculated result is far from negligible, as will be demonstrated shortly. Since, however, all the methods of calculating pore size distributions involve a decision as to the upper limit of the range to be studied, this question needs to be discussed first. In effect one has to choose a point corresponding to point G in Fig. 3.1, where the mesopores are deemed to be full up. If the isotherm takes the course GH there are no further cores to be considered in any case but if it swings upwards as at GH, the isotherm is usually so steep that the Kelvin-type approach becomes too inaccurate (cf. p. 114) to be useful. 

Historically, physical evidence has taken on increasing importance in criminal matters. Court decisions have consistentiy looked askance at a defendant s admissions of guilt and even question eyewitness testimony. Physical evidence has traditionally been viewed as impartial and unbiased, and not subject to the problems associated with confessions made by an accused or the testimony of witnesses. 

A hierarchical design procedure for process synthesis can be used in conjunction with a flow-sheeting program to analyze, evaluate, and optimize the options (60). The emphasis is on starting with the simplest possible models that will give answers to a particular question quickly so that the questions to be asked at the next decision level can be formulated. At each stage, it is necessary to ensure that the level of detail in the model is sufficient to give rehable information. 

There is, however, only a limited quantity of by-product power available, and for large process operations the demand for power is usually far greater than the simple steam cycle can produce. Many steam system design decisions fall back to the question of how to raise the ratio of by-product power to process heat. One simple approach is to limit the turbines that are used to extract power to large sizes, where high efficiency can be obtained. 

To be able to systematically identify opportunities for reducing human error, it is useful to ask the question, What is human error One definition is that human error is an inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduces, or has the potential for reducing safety or system performance (Rasmusssen 1979). There is a tendency to view errors as operator errors. However, the error may result from inadequate management, design, or maintenance of the system. This broader view which encompasses the whole system can help provide opportunities for instituting measures to reduce the likelihood of errors. 

Whatever the need, once established it defines the information requirement that can then be the focal point from which the question of using QRA can be considered Can QRA satisfy the information requirement in an efficient, appropriate manner If so, all the factors that led to the decision to use QRA now become factors that help shape the objectives and scope for the particular QRA study. 

Figure 5 is an example of a decision tree you may find useful when considering QRA for particular process safety applications. The decision tree illustrates a flowchart of questions you can ask yourself (or others) to decide how far through the process of risk analysis to go to satisfy a need for increased risk understanding. 

Qualitative answers to one or more of these questions are often sufficient for making good decisions about the allocation of resources for safety improvements. But, as managers seek quantitative cost/benefit information upon which to base their decisions, they increasingly turn their attention to the use of quantitative risk analysis (QRA). 

The vendor should be informed that a decision is imminent and that he should bring technical personnel capable of fielding in-depth questions. 

The choice of whether air cooled exchangers should be used is essentially a question of economics including first costs or capital costs, operating and maintenance expenses, space requirements, and environmental considerations and involves a decision weighing the advantages and disadvantages of cooling with air. 

Once a decision is made that interim measures are needed, then the next question is what interim measures might be required for this particular situation. Examples of interim measures for various RCRA treatment, storage and disposal facilities, and for various release types are listed in Table 1. Note that these are examples their inclusion does not infer either guidance or approval. 

Some Key Questions and Decisions Related to Inherently Safer Plant Design (Rogers et al., 1995)... 

---