Quaternary ammonium compounds aliphatic

Naturally occurring quaternary ammonium compounds have been reviewed (179). Many types of aliphatic, heterocycHc, and aromatic derived quaternary ammonium compounds are produced both in plants and invertebrates. Examples include thiamine (vitamin B ) (4) (see Vitamins) choline (qv) [62-49-7] (5) and acetylcholine (6). These have numerous biochemical functions. Several quaternaries are precursors for active metaboUtes. 

Many types of aliphatic, heterocyclic, and aromatic derived quaternary ammonium compounds are produced both in plants and invertebrates. Examples include thiamine (vitamin Bj) (4). See also Vitamin choline... 

The action of quaternary ammonium compounds on the dyed fiber in many cases produces a change of shade. A further disadvantage is the possible elimination of aliphatic amines, e.g., in an alkaline medium in the presence of anionic substances or at excessive drying temperatures. This can cause an unpleasant (fishy) odor to arise. In such cases, an acid aftertreatment is necessary. 

Recent examples of analytes amenable to conductivity detectors include inorganic anions [33], aliphatic long chain quaternary ammonium compounds [34], and metaUocyanide complexes of Fe(II), Ni(II), and Co(III) [35], among others. 

GiovanneUi, D. and Abballe, F. Aliphatic long chain quaternary ammonium compound analysis by ion-pair chromatography coupled with suppressed conductivity and UV detection in lysing reagents for blood cell analysers. J. Chromatogr. A. 2005, 1085,... 

With long-chain hydrocarbons, such as oil, where hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the molecule exist, surface-tension effects will be significant, and may result in foaming and possible acceleration of carryover. The alkalinity of the boiler water may saponify any fatty acids present, producing a crude soap that may foam. Soaps, sulfated oils and alcohol, sulfonated aliphatics and aroma.ics, quaternary ammonium compounds, nonionic organic ethers and esters, and various fine particles, act as emulsifiers that can increase foaming. 

Deodorizers are used in bathrooms, around pets, on carpets and upholstery, and for aesthetic purposes. Toxic chemicals contained in deodorizers include glycol ethers, quaternary ammonium compounds, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and esters. 1331... 

In the field of cation analysis, ion-pair chromatography is the preferred method for the separation of amines of all types. While short-chain aliphatic amines (C3 to C3) and some smaller aromatic amines [39] can also be separated on surface-sulfonated cation exchangers, ion-pair chromatographic applications have been developed for the separation of structurally isomeric amines, alkanolamines, quaternary ammonium compounds, arylalkylamines, barbiturates, and alkaloids. 

Direct replacement of an amino group by hydrogen is possible only in certain cases. Such reductive fissions are particularly well known for tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium compounds and occur especially readily with allyl- and benzyl-substituted amines. In the last-mentioned cases the benzyl group is removed as toluene, and this reaction route is used for preparation of secondary from primary aliphatic amines the primary amine is first condensed with benzaldehyde, and the resulting Schiff base is reduced to the alkylbenzylamine this is converted by alkylation into the dialkylbenzyl-amine, from which finally the benzyl group is removed by catalytic hydrogenation 544... 

HA, heterocyclic amine AA, aromatic amine PA, polyamine Al, aliphatic amine N, nitrosamine CZE, capillary zone electrophoresis MEKC, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography LIE, laser induced huorescence ED, electrochemical detection CD, conductivity detection AD, amperometric detection PD, potentiometric detection ALA, alkylamines AQA, alkyl and aUcylbenzyl quaternary ammonium compound A, air H, water S, soil W, waste. 

In water, tertiary amines form quaternary ammonium compounds, e. g. with methyl halogenides. In aqueous solution, secondary (aliphatic and aromatic) amines react with nitrous acid HONO (namely the nitrosonium ion NO ) as already mentioned (reaction 5.217) to generate nitrosamines ... 

Ethoxylated fatty amines are 48 percent of the market, aliphatic sulfonates 25 percent, fatty acid esters 16 percent, quaternary ammonium compounds 2 percent, others 9 percent. 

Conventional cation exchangers can also be used for the analysis of aromatic amines, in which hydrophobic interactions dominate the separation mechanism. As with the separation of quaternary ammonium compounds, the elution of anilines shown in Figure 4.86 is also carried out with a solvent gradient at constant acid concentration. Anilines are detected photometrically at 210 nm. A slight elevation of the column temperature - as already discussed for the analysis of aliphatic diamines - has a positive effect on the peak form of the late-eluting components. 

In the past, these types of cationic surfactants have played only a secondary industrial role, but are increasingly employed in recent years. In the past, not many liquid chromatographic methods for separating such compounds were foimd in the literature. Because these quaternary ammonium compounds are comparably hydrophobic, hydrochloric acid is used as the ion-pair reagent in their separation. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids are also used from time to time. Because of the lack of suitable chromophores, quaternary ammonium compounds can be sensitively detected only by measuring the electrical conductivity. Figure 6.44 shows a separation of a number of aliphatic quaternary ammonium compoimds it was... 

Figure 6.44 Gradient elution of various aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds. Separator column lonPac NS1,10 pm eluent (A) 2mmol/L perfluorobutyric acid/MeCN (80 20 v/v) and (B) 2 mmol/L perfluorobutyric acid/MeCN (20 80 v/v) gradient linear, 100% A to 100% B in lOmin flow rate 1 mlVmin detection suppressed conductivity injection volume 25 pL peaks 25 mg/L...

In addition to the anions listed under HPIC anionic sur ctants, metal-cyanide complexes, aromatic carboxylic acids In addition to the cations listed under HPIC aliphatic and aromatic amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, cationic sur ctants, sulfonium compounds, phosphonium compounds, hydrazinium compounds... 

Cation-exchange chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection can also be applied to the analysis of aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds. Typical examples are carbachol (2-[(aminocarbonyl)oxy] A/,A/,A/-trimethyletha-naminium chloride) and bethanechol (2-[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]-A/ iV,A/-trimethyl-propan-l-aminium chloride). 

In our recent publications [4, 5] we discussed results concerning ion and molecule mobility in cationic montmorillonite film modified electrodes hydrophobized with aliphatic and aromatic quaternary ammonium compounds. We also described experiences with independent measurements by electrochemical and radiochemical methods on transport processes in humate containing montmorillonite and bentonite thin layers [6]. We interpreted the results as consequences of changes in structure which lead to changes in porosity and ditfu-sional transport [7, 8, 9]. The present paper approaches the role of film thickness, and the kinetics of the swelling of films (porodine xerogels) at different levels of hydrophobization, and also the kinetics of the penetration and release of probe molecules. 

Aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds hexadecylcetylt-rimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) dodecyltrimethylammo-nium bromide (DTAB). 

Surface-active microbicides with cationic properties include not only the widely used quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) but also long-chain (C12-C15) aliphatic alkyl amines, aliphatic diamines, guanidines and higua-... 

Skelly, N.E. Separation of aliphatic and aromatic acids, aromatic sulfonates, quaternary ammonium compounds, and chelating agents on a reversed-phase column without ion pairing, J.Chromatogr.ScL, 2003, 41, 22-25. [nonoxynol-9 citric add benzenesulfonic acid phthsilic acid hydrobromic acid nitrUotriacetic acid oxalic acid nitric acid hydriodic acid glycolic acid formic add nitrous add cyanuric acid lactic acid acetic acid NTA benzalkonium EDTA]... 

Studenov and Beriidge introduced a series of potential F-labeled extractable MBF tracers in the year 2001 that were accessible via reliable 1-2-step radiosynthesis sequences. Five F-labeled amines and four quaternary ammonium salts were obtained by nucleophilic substitution either at aliphatic precursors or at aromatic compounds [71]. Figure 10 summarizes the synthesis of mentioned compounds. 

The preparation of urethanes from primary aliphatic and aromatic amines by oxidative carbonylation has been described in which - instead of Pd salts or complexes - lanthanide compounds, particularly of cerium, and promoters comprising alkali metal salts or quaternary ammonium salts, are used [133]. 

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