Quantitative analysis cocaine

John et al. added twice the volume of ACN to plasma samples thus generating a supernatant containing 66 % (v/v) ACN. Merely dilution with aqueous HPLC solvent A [0.1 % formic acid (FA)] was necessary prior to injection allowing quantitative analysis of R- and. S -hyoscyaminc [49] as well as atropine, cocaine, homatropine, ipratropium, littorine, iV-buty 1-scopolamine and scopolamine, simultaneously [50], Recoveries were greater than 85 % (Table 2). Despite this crude preparation procedure effects on ionization were negligible. 

Rook EJ, Hillebrand MJX, Rosing H, van Ree J, Beijnen JH (2005) The quantitative analysis of heroin, methadone, and their metabolites and the simultaneous detection of cocaine, ace-tylcodeine and their metabolites in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 824 213-221... 

However, urine has no great relevance in quantitative analysis because the analyte concentrations vary depending on the dose, means of administration, physiological status (urinary pH, sex, age, weight, etc.), the time lag between intake and analysis, the addition of adulterants. So the analytical data of urine may only indicate the presence of a substance up to a defined cutoff point the monitoring window (time interval in which a substance can be detected by ordinary analytical methods) varies from a few days for cocaine, amphetamine, methoxyamphetamine to 2-3 weeks for cannabinoids. 

Marques, P. R., Tippetts, A. S., and Branch, D. G., Cocaine in the hair of mother-infant pairs quantitative analysis and correlations with urine measures and self-report. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 19,159,1993. 

Petroff and co-workers reported a quantitative analysis of the H NMR spectra of six CSF samples from three patients. TTiese included a 34-year-otd man presenting with seizures several hours after injecting heroin and cocaine while intoxicated with alcohol, and a 7-month-old girl who presented as a febrile, cyanotic hypotensive in a coma. The H NMR spectrum of the CSF of the drug overdose victim showed clear and abnormally elevated signals for citrate, myo-inositol, creatinine/creatine and lactate. 

Carbon-13 n.m.r. and mass spectrometry have become essential methods in quantitative analysis of alkaloid mixtures extracted from plants, in addition to g.l.c. and photometry. Study of the mechanism of fragmentation of 3-substi-tuted tropanes is a useful tool for analysis of mixtures of tropane alkaloids. A comprehensive study on the n.m.r. spectroscopy of tropane alkaloids included most major representatives of this class. Other papers deal with the n.m.r. spectra of cocaine metabolites and derivatives. A radioimmunassay of atropine and benzoylecgonine in urine was published. Photometric determination of tropane derivatives in chloroform extracts was done via colorimetry of the bromocresol purple complex.Adsorption chromatography methods have been used with different resins. ... 

An example of the application of the wide isolation window in tandem mass spectrometry is the detection and quantitative imaging of cocaine in postmortem human brain tissue (Reich et al., 2008 Reich et al., 2010). In this instance, it was determined necessary to develop an MS wide isolation window method because of interfering background ions. Cocaine detected in brain tissue was confirmed by matching six MS product ions with those from a cocaine standard. For the quantitation of cocaine analyzed from the tissue, the trideuterated ( Hs) internal standard was spiked beneath the tissue at known concentrations before matrix application to develop a calibration curve. The MS wide isolation method was then employed for the analysis of cocaine and cocaine-fi 3. Cocaine was analyzed successfully and quantified using this approach. 

Jindal, S. P., and Vestergaard, P. Quantitation of Cocaine and Its Principal Metabolite, Benzoylecgonine, by GLC-Mass Spectrometry Using Stable Isotope Analysis as Internal Standard... 

A forensic toxicologist receives a postmortem blood sample and performs a routine screening analysis followed by GCMS to confirm the presence of cocaine and its metabolites. The toxicologist also performs a quantitative analysis for these analytes. He writes his report and sends it through the laboratory system. The report arrives on the desk of the medical examiner. Identify at least 3 levels of peer review that would have occurred in this example. Hint Much of the applicable peer review would have occurred offstage and in the past.)... 

Johansen, S. S., and FI. M. Bhatia. 2007. Quantitative analysis of cocaine and its metabolites in whole blood and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B. 852 338 44. 

Jones, B.C., Tarantino, L.M., Rodriguez, L.A., Reed, C.L., Mc-Clearn, G.E., Plomin, R., and Erwin, V.G. (1999) Quantitative-trait loci analysis of cocaine-related behaviours and neurochemistry. Pharmacogenetics 9 607-617. 

Amphetamine and cannabinoids can also be detected in routine analyses together with cocaine and opiates. As the frequency of positive findings is relatively low compared to the frequency of positive urine results, it may be assumed that amphetamine and cannabinoids will only be detected after regular consumption. Positive findings of THC can be confirmed by the detection of THC-COOH and OH-THC to exclude the possibility that the hair had only been contaminated by smoke. MDMA, MDE, and MDA can be detected in hair, but there is little experience with quantitative results. In routine analysis on illegal drugs, all listed substances in Figure 8 should be taken into consideration. 

The isolation of atropine, scopolamine, and cocaine occurred long before the development of modern analytical techniques. Gas chromatography was the first instrumental technique available in the field of separation science and thus it is not surprising that these alkaloids were firstly analyzed by GC despite their low volatility. With the advent of capillary columns and the proliferation of various sample introduction and detection methods, GC has evolved as the dominant analytical technique for screening, identification, and quantitation of tropane alkaloids of plant origin as well as in biological fluids. The state-of-the-art of GC analysis of tropane alkaloids has been the subject of two comprehensive reviews [45,58]. We shall therefore mainly focus on publications which have appeared since 2002. 

Gas chromatography of cocaine of plant origin has mainly involved the analysis of the coca plant [77-79]. Identification and quantitation GC methods of minor naturally occurring tropane alkaloids in illicit cocaine samples have also been reviewed [80]. Moore et al. presented an in-depth methodology for the analysis of the coca plant by GC-FID, GC-ECD, and GC-MS for the identification of alkaloids of unknown structure [81]. Recently, Casale et al. [82] have analyzed the seeds from Erythroxylum coca for their alkaloidal content. Several tropane alkaloids were detected and characterized and it appeared that methylecgonidine (MEG) was the primary constituent and not an analytical artifact. 

An effective combination of FMAE and SPME to enhance selectivity for the quantitative GG analysis of cocaine in leaves of E. coca has been proposed by Bieri et al. [38]. The dual extraction step greatly improved the selectivity, thus allowing much faster GG-EID analysis. Einally, by optimizing the desorption step after SPME sampling and by using a fast GG method, Ilias et al. [37] were able to complete a quantitative cocaine analysis from coca leaves (i.e. sample preparation, extraction, and chromatography) in less than Ih (Eigure 12.3). 

SPE and LEE are considered the methods of choice for preparing biological samples before a GC analysis of cocaine and metabolites. Earina et al. [43] have developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for determining cocaine in urine with a single-step LLE and using GC with NPD. A mean extraction recovery of 74% was reported and the limits of detection and quantitation were 5 and 20 ng/mL, respectively. 

In most forensic laboratories, the largest amount of HPLC time is taken up with the analyses of drugs of abuse (often called street drugs) i.e. amphetamines, heroin, cocaine, LSD, etc. The purpose of any drug s HPLC analysis is to confirm the identity of drug and provide a quantitative result. With the exception of LSD, relatively large quantities of a drug sample are usually available and UV detection is preferred since it offers... 

The gas chromatography of cocaine has mainly been dealt with in connection with investigations to develop selective and sensitive methods for its detection and quantitative determination in pharmacological and toxicological analysis. One study has so far been done on naturally occurring alkaloidal mixtures present in the coca plant (Erythroxyion coca Lam.). ... 

Lurie, I.S. McGuiness, K. The quantitation of heroin and selected basic impur-ties via reversed phase HPLC. II. The analysis of adulterated samples. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1987, 10, 2189—2204 [also impurities, acetaminophen, acetylcodeine, acetylmorphine, acetylprocaine, aminopyrene, amitriptyline, antipyrene, aspirin, barbital, benztropine, caffeine, cocaine, codeine, diamorphine, diazepam, diphenhydramine, dipyrone, ephedrine, ethylmorphine, lidocaine, meconin, methamphetamine, meth-ap Tilene, methaqualone, monoacetylmorphine, morphine, nalorphine, niacinamide, nicotinamide, noscapine, papaverine, phenacetin, phenmetrazine, phenobarbital, phenolphthalein, procaine, pro-panophenone, propoxyphene, P5rilamine, quinidine, quinine, salic lamide, saUsalicylic acid, secobarbital, strychnine, tetracaine, thebaine, tripelennamine, tropacocaine, vitamin B3, vitamin B5 electrochemical detection]... 

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