Cocaine analysis

Klys M, Rojek S, Kulikowska J, Bozek E, Scislowski M (2007) Usefulness of multi-parameter opiates-amphetamines-cocainics analysis in hair of drug users for the evaluation of an abuse profile by means of LC-APCI-MS-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 854(1—2) 299—307. doi S 1570-0232(07)00337-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.040... 

Woods JH, Winger GD, France CP (1987) Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine analysis of pharmacological mechanisms. In Fisher S, Raskin A, Uhlenhuth EH (Eds), Cocaine Clinical and Biobehavioral Aspects, pp. 21-65. Oxford UP, Oxford. 

In the first report of cocaine analysis in hair, Valente et al. compared the isolation of cocaine from hair with dilute acid (0.1 M HCl), dilute base (0.1 M NaOH), and methanol. Compared to methanol and dilute acid, isolation in base produced unsatisfactory results due to low recovery. By heating pulverized hair samples under reflux in methanol at 45 to 60°C, Valente et aV recovered 84% of cocaine (and cocaine analytes) from hair. Baumgartner et al. developed a similar method with ethanol rather than methanol. 

An effective combination of FMAE and SPME to enhance selectivity for the quantitative GG analysis of cocaine in leaves of E. coca has been proposed by Bieri et al. [38]. The dual extraction step greatly improved the selectivity, thus allowing much faster GG-EID analysis. Einally, by optimizing the desorption step after SPME sampling and by using a fast GG method, Ilias et al. [37] were able to complete a quantitative cocaine analysis from coca leaves (i.e. sample preparation, extraction, and chromatography) in less than Ih (Eigure 12.3). 

The same method, with only slight variations (acetonitrile from 10 to 7.5%, detection wavelength from 280 to 230 nm) was adopted for the analysis of illicit cocaine. Benzoylecgonine, cocaine, and cis- and fram-cinnamoylcocaine, obtained from samples taken from cocaine seizures, were separated. MEKC results correlated well with those from gas chromatography (GC), with similar RSD values, and with HPLC. These authors reported that MEKC methods also proved highly reliable for heroin and cocaine analysis in interlaboratory proficiency tests. 

For detection of cocaine, analysis of methylecgonine has advantages over that of benzoylecgonine. Methylecgonine can be gas chromatographed directly on common gas chromatographic stationary phases without derivatization, and its early elution shortens analysis time. However, because of interference of other compounds in a urine analysis, the combination of GC... 

FIGURE 16.3 TLC cocaine analysis (silica) with an elution system comprised by methanol 9 1. Revealing UV lamp at 254 nm. 

Figure 2.8 Results of the cocaine analysis presented graphically with uncertainty reported several ways. The shaded region is the range around the true value of the sample. 

FIGURE 3.1 Benzoylecgonine and cocaine analysis. HPLC - high-rcsolution Orbitrap MS of benzoylecgonine, cocaine, and their deuterated analogs. A 100-fg injection of standard in full scan mode allows detection (A) and identification, based on the accurate mass assignment on the mass spectra (B). 

FIGURE 3.3 Benzoylecgonine and cocaine analysis of a WWTP influent. Analysis by HPLC—MS/MS, with a triple quadrupole, revealed the presence of benzoylecgonine at 2450 and cocaine at 318 ppb concentration (A). The same wastewater sample was analyzed by HPLC—HRMS (B), giving accurate mass molecular weight confirmation (C). 

Spectral searching and stripping in the analysis of a mixture of mannitol and cocaine hydrochloride, (a) IR spectrum for the mixture (b) Library IR spectrum of mannitol (c) Result of subtracting mannitol s IR spectrum from that of the mixture ... 

In a typical analysis a 10.0-mg sample is dissolved in water and diluted to volume in a 25-mL volumetric flask. A 125- tL aliquot is transferred to a 25-mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with a pH 9 buffer. When injected into the flow injection apparatus a signal of 21.4 is obtained. What is the %w/w cocaine in the sample ... 

Analysis of cocaine and its principal metabolites in waste and surface water using... 

A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies by Levin and Lehman (1991) showed that desipramine produced greater cocaine abstinence than placebo. Although a more recent review did not concur (Lima et al. 2001), secondary analyses of studies with imipramine, desipramine, and bupropion suggested that depressed cocaine abusers are more likely to show significant reductions in cocaine abuse than nondepressed cocaine abusers (Margolin et al. 1995 Nunes et al. 1991 Ziedonis and Kosten 1991). Furthermore, recent work with desipramine supported its efficacy in opioid-dependent patients, particularly in combination with contingency management therapies (Kosten et al. 2004 Oliveto et al. 1999). 

Kranzler HR, Bauer LO, Hersh D, et al Carbamazepine treatment of cocaine dependence a placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 38 203-211, 1995 Levin FR, Lehman AF Meta-analysis of desipramine an adjunct in the treatment of cocaine addiction. J Clin Pharmacol 11 374-378, 1991 Lima MS, Reisser AA, Soares BG, et al Antidepressants for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 CD002950, 2001 Ling W, Shoptaw S, Majewska D Baclofen as a cocaine anti-craving medication a preliminary clinical study 0etter). Neuropsychopharmacology 18 403 04, 1998... 

Higgins ST, Sigmon SC, Wong CJ, et al Community reinforcement therapy for cocaine-dependent outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 1043—1052, 2003 Hopkins JS, Garbutt JC, Poole CL, et al Naltrexone and acamprosate meta-analysis of two medical treatments for alcoholism. Presented at the 25th annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, San Francisco, CA, June 28—July 3, 2002... 

Stotts AL, Schmitz JM, Rhoades HM, et al Motivational interviewing with cocaine-dependent patients a pilot study. J Consult Clin Psychol 69 858-862, 2001 Volpicelli J, Rhines KC, Rhines JS, et al Naltrexone and alcohol dependence role of subjecr compliance. Arch Gen Psychiarry 54 737—742, 1997 Wilk Al, Jensen NM, Havighurst TC Mera-analysis of randomized control trials addressing brief inrervenrions in heavy alcohol drinkers.) Gen Inrern Med 12 274— 283, 1997... 

Cosgrove K., Carroll M. Effects of bremazocine on self-administration of smoked cocaine base and orally delivered ethanol, phencyclidine, saccharin, and food in rhesus monkeys a behavioral economic analysis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 301 Jun 2002, 2002. 

Drugs have been purified by SPE in the analysis of amphetamine (AM) by Kaleta et al. [98], by various consecutive washing steps with hexane in the analysis of methamphetamine (MA) by Jones-Lepp and Stevens [99], and by simple centrifugation after addition of water, to separate the aqueous extract from a bottom sediment layer and a top fat layer, in the analysis of AM, MA, cocaine (CO), and benzoylecgonine (BE) by Langford et al. [100], who found little improvement in reducing matrix effects when applying SPE cleanup. 

Tolliver BK et al. Genetic analysis of sensitization and tolerance to cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994 270(3) 1230-1238. 

Gheorghe A, Van Nuijs A, Pecceu B, Bervoets L, Jorens PG, Blust R, Neels H, Covaci A (2008) Analysis of cocaine and its principal metabolites in waste and surface water using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 391 1309-1319... 

Van Nuijs ALN, Pecceu B, Theunis L, Dubois N, Charlier C, Jorens PG, Bervoets L, Blust R, Meulemans H, Neels H, Covaci A (2009) Can cocaine use be evaluated through analysis of wastewater A nation-wide approach conducted in Belgium. Addiction 104 734-741... 

FIGURE 56-7 Repeated exposure to amphetamine or cocaine increases spine density and the number of branched spines in medium spiny neurons, the major cell type of the nucleus accumbens. Left camera lucida drawings of representative dendritic segments. Rats received 20 injections of saline (S), amphetamine (A) or cocaine (C) over 4 weeks and were then left undisturbed for about 1 month prior to analysis. Adapted from Robinson, T. E. and Kolb, B., Eur. ]. Neurosci. 11 1598-1604, 1999. 

The standard urine immunoassay for detection of cocaine (23a) abuse during the gestation period of newborn babies was frequently found to yield negative results in cases where positive results were shown by extraction of meconium with a solvent, followed by HPLC. The drug and metabolites such as norcocaine (23b) and cocaethyline (23c) were detected140. See Section IV.C for an alternative analysis of cocaine. 

Woolverton WL, Johanson CE. (1984). Preference in rhesus monkeys given a choice between cocaine and d,l-cathinone. J Exp Analysis Behav. 41(1) 35-43. 

The analysis of codeine, morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM, a metabohte of heroin), and cocaine is important for many toxicology labs to determine illicit drug use. When analyzing opiates in urine samples, frequently the matrix chosen for drug screening, the conjugated metabolites must be hydrolyzed however, this process can break down 6-MAM (Christophersen et al., 1987). These compounds can be derivatized to increase sensitivity, and both BCD and NPD are used for these assays. Derivatizations used include reaction with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide followed by GC-FID (Lin et al., 1994) or with N,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (Christophersen et al., 1987 Lee and Lee, 1991), PFPA (Christophersen et al., 1987), or heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) followed by GC-ECD. All these methods show good sensitivity and selectivity. 

Hime GW, Hearn WL, Rose S, Cofino J. 1991. Analysis of cocaine and cocaethylene in blood and tissues by GC—NPD and GC-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 15 241. 

Hernandez A, Andollo W, Hearn WL. 1994. Analysis of cocaine and metabolites in brain using solid phase extraction and full-scanning gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 13 149. 

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