With cocaine

Z-Ecgonine, CgHigOgN. HjO. This substance was first obtained I Lossen as the final basic hydrolytic product of the action of acids c cocaine, and is obtainable in like manner from several of the alkaloii occurring with cocaine (see above). It crystallises from dry alcohol i monoclinic prisms, m.p. 198° (dec.), 205° (dry), [a]n — 45-4°, is soluble i water, sparingly so in alcohol, insoluble in most organic liquid Eegonine forms Salts with bases and acids the hydrochloride crystallis... 

The alkyl ethers of dihydrocupreine (II) are known to exhibit local anassthetic action, which appears to be at a maximum at woamyldihydro-cupreine, but local anassthetic action in this group does not depend on the intact quinuclidine nucleus, since woamyldihydrocupreicine (VII) is more potent than isoamyldihydrocupreine (II), producing local anassthesia in the cornea of the rabbit at 1 in 2,000 compared with cocaine at 1 in 50. ... 

A chance observation made some time prior to the full structural elucidation of cocaine in fact led to one of the more important lasses of local anesthetics. It was found that the simple ethyl e. ter of p-aminobenzoic acid, benzocaine (25), showed activity. 1-. a local anesthetic. It is of interest to note that this drug, I 1rst introduced in 1903, is still in use today. Once the struc-iiire of cocaine was established, the presence of an alkanolamine iiiniety in cocaine prompted medicinal chemists to prepare esters "I aminobenzoic acids with acyclic alkanolamines. Formula 26 11 presents the putative relationship of the target substances with cocaine. 

Budney AJ, Radonovich KJ, Higgins ST, et al Adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence a comparison with cocaine-dependent treatment seekers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 6 419 26, 1998... 

Lepore M, Vorel SR, Lowinson J, et al Conditioned place preference induced by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol comparison with cocaine, morphine, and food reward. LifeSci 56 2073-2080, 1995... 

Stotts AL, Schmitz JM, Rhoades HM, et al Motivational interviewing with cocaine-dependent patients a pilot study. J Consult Clin Psychol 69 858-862, 2001 Volpicelli J, Rhines KC, Rhines JS, et al Naltrexone and alcohol dependence role of subjecr compliance. Arch Gen Psychiarry 54 737—742, 1997 Wilk Al, Jensen NM, Havighurst TC Mera-analysis of randomized control trials addressing brief inrervenrions in heavy alcohol drinkers.) Gen Inrern Med 12 274— 283, 1997... 

Taylor, D., and Ho, B.T. Effect of short- and long-term treatment with cocaine on rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 15 805-808, 1976. 

How does PCP compare with cocaine and amphetamine at the various neuronal test systems, where PCP has been documented to have prominent actions ... 

What are the possible psychiatric symptoms associated with cocaine use ... 

Meperidine, an atypical opiate receptor agonist with cocaine-like effects, has been shown to act at the DAT.105 Meperidine inhibited [3H]DA uptake in rat caudate putamen with a maximal... 

Holtzman, S.G. Differential interaction of GBR 12909, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, with cocaine and methamphetamine in rats discriminating cocaine. Psychopharmacology. 155 180, 2001. 

In vitro estimates of risk for Q-T prolongation and in vivo assessments of hemodynamic interactions with cocaine and methamphetamine... 

Lin, Z. and Uhl, G. R. (2002) Dopamine transporter mutants with cocaine resistance and normal dopamine uptake provide targets for cocaine antagonism. Mol. Pharmacol. 61,885-891. 

Addiction is a prominent problem with cocaine use. Cocaine is highly reinforcing to both animals and humans, probably through inhibition of dopamine reuptake in mesolimbic systems and stimulation of brain areas known to subserve behavioral reinforcement (Kiyatkin and Stein 1995 Woolverton and Johnson 1992 Ritz et al. 1987). Although sensitization to the stimulant effects occurs in animals, humans do not sensitize to the euphoric effects of cocaine but develop a tolerance (O Brien 1996). In animals and humans alike, self-administration often follows a binge pattern, consisting of repeated use over a period of hours or days until the supply is used up. 

Corrigall WA, Franklin KB, Coen KM, Clarke PB. (1992). The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 107(2-3) 285-89. Dackis C, Gold MS. (1985). Neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with cocaine use. Psychiatr Med. 3(4) 461-83. 

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