Biological sample preparation

Preparation of an environmental sample for delivery to the sensor and the sample cleanup afterwards are often the rate-limiting steps in the detection of biological agents, as well. Even for biodetection, sample preparation is a chemistry and materials science issue, currently accomplished using membranes and surface-active chemistries, binders, and ligands. Biological sample preparation remains an embryonic field. 

Geological and biological sample preparation for subsequent analysis often involves digestion in highly oxidant media such as nitric or perchloric acid. This is a frequent... 

Edwards, T., Gale, B.K., Frazier, A.B., Microscale purification systems for biological sample preparation. Biomed. Microdevices 2001, 3(3), 211-218. 

Teo, C.C., Pool, W., Chong, K., Ho, Y.S. Development and application of microwave-assisted extraction technique in biological sample preparation for small molecule analysis. Metabolomics 9, 1109-1128 (2013)... 

There are a host of new solid phases being brought to the market. Some of the most interesting currently include graphitized carbon, functionalized styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, restricted access solid-phase reversed phase, affinity chromatography with antibodies, and molecular imprinted polymers. These five types of sorbents have different applications from environmental to biological sample preparation. 

Biological Sample Preparation and Modes of Data Collection... 

Freeman, S.P.H.T. et al., Biological sample preparation and 41Ca AMS measurement at LLNL, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B, 99, 557, 1995. 

There are, as yet, no definitely established specimen preparation protocols for SPM of biological samples. Preparation has not become standard, as in the case for many TEM specimen preparation techniques. The growing body of literature in the area does allow for a discussion of successful methods, but many refinements are to be expected. Fisher et al. (141) provide an excellent overview of methods, although new and modified technique development is occurring at a very rapid pace. 

Chandra, S. (2008) Challenges of biological sample preparation for SIMS imaging of elements and molecules at subcellular resolution. Appl Surf Sci, 255,1273—1284. 

Sample preparation for TLC is covered in Chapter 4 of Ref. 1, with an emphasis on biological samples. Preparation of food samples (65), and of various sample types (foods, environmental samples, human and animal samples) specifically for pesticide analysis (66-68) was described for TLC by Sherma, The only complete chapter on sample preparation for TLC was written by Sherma (69). A chapter on sample preparation for chromatographic analysis contains much useful information pertaining to samples for TLC (Chapter 8, Ref. 44), The CRC Handbooks of Chromatography describe sample preparation methods for different classes of compounds. Sections on sample preparation related to specific compound types will be found in most of the applications chapters in Part II of this Handbook. 

The basic procedure of biological sample preparation for SEM involves in specimen fixation, dehydration, drying, and coating (see Ref 27 for a comprehensive review of procedures). The purpose of fixation is to immobilize the cellular components, such... 

To stain or to etch Staining techniques are derived from similar biological sample preparation procedures and involve two distinct steps. Generally, some suitable staining reagent is first allowed to diffuse into the... 

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