Quality control defined

There should be specifications, approved by the person responsible for Quality Control, defining the nature and quality of each finished product. 

Analytical batch The basic unit of analytical quality control, defined as samples that are analyzed together with the same method sequence and the same lots of reagents and with the manipulations common to each sample within the same time period or in continuous sequential time periods. Samples in each batch should be of similar composition (e.g., groundwater, sludge, ash). 

The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Working Group on Quality Control defined the functions of EQA schemes as ... 

These specifications and characteristics are defined with references to standard test methods which the different parties to a contract should conduct for quality control. The tables that follow show specifically the standards that are applicable in France, but a more general table in Appendix 2 shows the main test methods commonly referenced in specifications. 

A specification or standard for product characteristics is valid only if it is matched with references to well defined and recognized test methods, such that quality control tests conducted by the parties involved —client and supplier, for example— are comparable even if they are performed at different locations. 

Specifications, Standards, Quality Control, and Health and Safety Factors. The hardboard industry is represented by the American Hardboard Association (AHA). Specifications and standards are contained in several ANSI standards (8—11). These standards define the various hardboard product categories as well as specific product qualities required for each group. 

Specifications for gas turbine fuels prescribe test limits that must be met by the refiner who manufactures fuel however, it is customary for fuel users to define quality control limits for fuel at the point of delivery or of custody transfer. These limits must be met by third parties who distribute and handle fuels on or near the airport. Tests on receipt at airport depots include appearance, distfllation, flash point (or vapor pressure), density, freezing point, smoke point, corrosion, existing gum, water reaction, and water separation. Tests on delivery to the aircraft include appearance, particulates, membrane color, free water, and electrical conductivity. 

The components of a quality assurance program are designed to serve the two functions just mentioned—control and assessment. Quality control operations are defined by operational procedures, specifications, calibration procedures, and standards and contain the following components ... 

Although I have defined terms such as quality control and quality assurance in this chapter, what is important is not the definition but the deeds which it imbues. Whether we call the set of principles I have listed under the heading Quality assurance, Quality Assurance, Quality Improvement or Quality Control makes no difference since it does not change the set of principles. We often seem to invent a term then decide what it means rather than invent or discover a set of principles and think of a suitable name which conveys exactly what we intend without confusing people. Instead of saying Quality control is. .. or TQM is. .. to which there will be many propositions, we should be asking What should we call this group of principles so that we can communicate with each other more efficiently As Shakespeare once said That which we call a rose/By any other name would smell as sweet. ... 

A successful project produces an outcome that performs as expected, by deadline, and within cost limits. Thus, the three parameters by which a project is planned and controlled are established. Quality is defined by specifications, time is defined by schedule, and costs are defined by a budget. 

For these reasons alloying elements appear in all the commercial anodes, and very careful quality control is required to keep disadvantageous tramp elements (notably iron and copper) below defined threshold levels. Many anode failures can be attributed to poor production quality control. A guide to minimum quality standards has been produced ... 

Pharmaceutical microbiology may be defined as that part of microbiology which has a special bearing on pharmacy in all its aspects. This will range fiom the manufacture and quality control of pharmaceutical products to an understanding of the mode of action of antibiotics. The full extent of microbiology on the pharmaceutical area may be judged fiom the chapter contents. 

High quality is one of the criteria defined in the requirements section above. Since the program should run automatically in batch mode, we mean by quality control an internal check of the 3D structures produced by the structure generator itself. In general, the abilities of a fast, automatic structure builder to assess the quaUty of its models are rather limited since, for example, an exhaustive conformation analysis and energy optimization is impossible in most cases. However, there are a Umited number of simple quaUty checks to avoid trivially distorted structures ... 

There is an abundance of references defining and describing the role played by QA, Quality Control (QC) and Total Quality Management (TQM) in a modem commercial analytical laboratory. The role played by reference materials (RMs) and certified reference materials (CRMs) in the pursuit of analytical measurement accuracy is also well documented. 

Brandt [200] has extracted tri(nonylphenyl) phosphite (TNPP) from a styrene-butadiene polymer using iso-octane. Brown [211] has reported US extraction of acrylic acid monomer from polyacrylates. Ultrasonication was also shown to be a fast and efficient extraction method for organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticisers [212]. Greenpeace [213] has recently reported the concentration of phthalate esters in 72 toys (mostly made in China) using shaking and sonication extraction methods. Extraction and analytical procedures were carefully quality controlled. QC procedures and acceptance criteria were based on USEPA method 606 for the analysis of phthalates in water samples [214]. Extraction efficiency was tested by spiking blank matrix and by standard addition to phthalate-containing samples. For removal of fatty acids from the surface of EVA pellets a lmin ultrasonic bath treatment in isopropanol is sufficient [215]. It has been noticed that the experimental ultrasonic extraction conditions are often ill defined and do not allow independent verification. 

Friability tests can be used for various purposes. They are widely used in quality control. Here, samples of produced material are subjected to a more or less arbitrary but well defined stress. The attrition extent is assessed by comparison with a standard value and a decision is reached whether the material meets the standard. Moreover, friability tests are often used for comparison of different materials to select the most attrition-resistant one. This is a usual procedure in the case of catalyst development. For example, Contractor et al. (1989) tested anew developed fluidized bed VPO-catalyst in a submerged-jet attrition test (described below). Furthermore, the specific attrition rate of a material in a certain process can be roughly estimated by friability tests. In this case the stress must be similar to that occurring in the process and the obtained degradation extent must be compared with those of other materials from which the process attrition rate is known. 

To be able to define what is meant by quality assurance and quality control. 

Organizations making analytical measurements should have well defined Quality Control and Quality Assurance procedures. 

Typical validation for radiochemical and radiopharmaceutical purity. Quality control is very important to ensure the safety and efficacy of radiopharmaceuticals. One important quality parameter is the radiochemical purity of the radiolabeled product. This is defined as the fraction of the total radioactivity in the desired chemical form in the radiopharmaceutical [56]. Radiochemical impurities come from incomplete labeling, shift of equilibrium, radiolysis ((3 decay), temperature or pH change, exposure to light,... 

Examination applies to quality control functions performed by the manufacturer (for components only), fabricator, or erector. Reference in this Code to an "examiner" is to a person who performs quality control examinations. In addition, nondestructive examinations (NDE) such as VT, RT, UT, PT, and MT methods used, as defined in para. GR-4.3.4, shall meet the requirements of this Chapter. 

Quality control verifications and NDE visual examinations shall be performed based on the following requirements. NDE visual examination shall be as defined in Chapter GR-1. Visual examinations of welds and components shall be performed in accordance with ASME BPV Code Section V, Article 9, including the following ... 

A wide variety of viscometers suitable for liquids are currently available, often with computer control. Many quality control laboratories use simple, cheap, robust instrumentation, which performs quite adequately in a day to day context. However these instruments can have a very narrow range and do not always give well-defined shear rates. This makes them less suitable for research and development work and we will not consider them further here. Figure 3.3 shows schematically the two main instrument types in common use controlled stress, where the stress is applied electrically via a motor leaving us to measure the strain and... 

Up to this point we have characterised our materials as continua and defined the material parameters. This may be all that is required for engineering purposes or quality control needs. Whenever a modification of the behaviour is sought, a deeper understanding of the origins of the response is required. It was pointed out in Chapter 1 that the rheology is controlled by the atomic or molecular interactions in the system, and this brings the subject properly into focus for the chemist. 

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