Effluent, pulp mill

Chemical-mediated immune suppression has been identified from the experimental study of several wildlife species. Harbour seals fed either chemically contaminated fish from the Wadden Sea or imcontaminated fish were found to have differing immune responses, with the exposed group showing lowered immune response to microbial infections and certain types of cancer. "" Mink fed fish taken from below a discharge point for bleached Kraft pulp mill effluent have also shown impaired immune function, " showing that the non-accnmillative chemicals in this effluent can actively disrupt endocrine associated functions. 

Munkittrick, K.R., McMaster, M.E., McCarthy, L.H. et al. (1998). An overview of recent studies on the potential of pulp-mill effluents to alter reproductive parameters in fish. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews 1, 347-371. 

Sodergren, A. (Ed.) (1991). Environmental Fate and Effects of Bleached Pulp Mill Effluents. Report No. 4031, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. 

Jokela JK, M Salkinoja-Salonen (1992) Molecular weight distributions of organic halogens in bleached kraft pulp mill effluents. Environ Sci Technol 26 1190-1197. 

Butler, E.C.V. and G.D. Pont. 1992. Liquid chromatography-electrochemistry procedure for the determination of chlorophenolic compounds in pulp mill effluents and receiving waters. Jour. Chromatogr. 609 113-123. 

Oikari, A. and J. Kukkonen. 1988. Acclimatization of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), to toxic components of kraft pulp mill effluents. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 15 282-288. 

Sewage effluent, Contaminated sediments, Pulp mill effluents Natural products... 

The measurement of the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity is another sensitive parameter to detect the effects of paper mill industrial effluents on living organisms in the receiving waters. The EROD activity is a measure of the activity of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, which plays a central role in the transformation and elimination of xenobiotics. Increased EROD activity has been shown as far as 40 km from pulp mills, and EROD induction in fish caused by pulp mill effluents remains after biological treatment [60]. It is specified that EROD activity and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities are induced by abietic and dehydroabietic acid [60]. 

Other compounds, such as 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, were found downstream of a pulp mill effluent, and were considered as off-flavours. These compounds are by-products of chlorination, or can be produced by actinomycetes or other biota [74]. 

Legislation governing the discharge of sodium sulphate in pulp mill effluents is anticipated in Northern Europe and Scandinavia during the 1990s [271]. The keys to success are ... 

Sources 1 J.M. Leach and A.N. Thakore, Toxic Constituents in Mechanical Pulping Effluents , Tappi, 1976, 59, 2, pp. 129-132. 2 L.T.K. Cheng, H.P. Meier and J.M. Leach, Can Pulp-mill Effluent Toxicity be Estimated from Chemical Analysis , Tappi, 1979, 62, pp. 71-74. 3 J.M. Leach and L.T.K. Chung, Development of a Chemical Toxicity Assay for Pulp Mill Effluents , US EPA Publication, No. EPA-600/2-80-206, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati. 

Rohr, A.C. Hall, E.R. Hall, K.J. 1996, Use of semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring pulp mill effluents A prehminary assessment. Water Qucd. Res. J. Can. 31 85—100. 

Comba ME, Palabrica VS, Kaiser KLE. 1994. Volatile halocarbons as tracers of pulp mill effluent plumes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(7) 1065-1074. 

Leuenberger, C., Giger, W., Coney, R., Graydon, J.W., and Molnar-Kubica, E. Persistent chemicals in pulp mill effluents. Occurrence and behaviour in an activated sludge treatment plant. Water Res., 19(7) 885-894, 1985. 

Suntio, L.R., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D. A review of the nature and properties of chemicals present in pulp mill effluents, Chemosphere, 17(7) 1249-1290, 1988. 

Liss, S.N. Bicho, P.A. McEarlane, P.N. Saddler, J.N. Microbiology and degradation of resin acids in pulp mill effluents a mini review. Can. J. Microbiol. 1997, 75, 599-611. 

Bajpai, P. Microbial degradation of pollutants in pulp mill effluents. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 2001, 48, 79-134. 

Rodriguez, J. Contreras, D. Parra, C. Freer, J. Baeza, J. Duran, N. Pulp mill effluent treatment by Fenton-type reaction catalyzed by iron complexes. Water Sci. Technol. 1999, 40 (11-12), 351-355. 

Ngan, Y. T. Englezos, P. (1996). Concentration of Mechanical Pulp Mill Effluents and NaCl Solutions through Propane Hydrate Formation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35(6), 1894. 

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. Metabolites of chlorinated phenoloic compounds in fish bile have been found to be sensitive biomaikers of bleach pulp mill effluent exposure (Brumley et al. 1996). Analysis of metabolites of chlorinated syringaldehydyes in fish bile can provide a biomarker of effluent exposure that is sensitive to low levels of exposure and correlates well with exposure concentrations. No data are available on methods that determine biomarkers of exposure and effect in humans were located. Methods for determining biomarkers of exposure and effect in humans would be helpful. 

BKME = bleach kraft pulp mill effluent DNOC = 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol l.t. = liver tissue a Van der Cost et al. (2003)... 

K. and Stromberg, L. (1991) Characterization of pulp mill effluents by the model ecosystem technique SSVL investigations in the period 1982-1990. Nordic Pulp Pap Res J, 2, 81—88. 

Anaerobic-aerobic processes have a high potential for the treatment of pulp mill wastewater containing xenobiotic compounds. The pulp and paper industry is under great pressure to remove chlorophenols, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and chlorinated dioxins and furans from wastewater. The Canadian government requires that pulp mill effluent contain no measurable level of dioxins or furans (Murray Richardson, 1993)- Such regulations require novel wastewater treatment technologies for the complete removal of target compounds. 

Suntio, L. R., W. Y. Shiu, and D. Mackay, A Review of the Nature and Properties of Chemicals Present in Pulp Mill Effluents. Chemosphere, 1988 17, 1249-1290. 

Priha, M.H. (1996) Ecotoxicological impacts of pulp mill effluents in Finland, in M.R. Servos, K.R. Munkittrick, J.H. Carey and G.J. Van Der Kraak (eds.), Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents, St- Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL, pp. 63 7-650. 

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