Volatile halocarbons

Entz RC, Hollifield HC. 1982. Headspace gas chromatographic analysis of foods for volatile halocarbons. 

Entz RC, Thomas KW, Diachenko GW. 1982. Residues of volatile halocarbons in foods using headspace gas chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 30 846-849. 

Wang T, Lenahan R. 1984. Determination of volatile halocarbons in water by purged-closed loop gas chromatography. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 32 429-438. 

Kroneid R. 1985. Recovery and reproducibility in determination of volatile halocarbons in water and blood. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 34 486-496. 

Pellizzari ED, Sheldon LS, Bursey JT. 1985a. Method 25. GC/MS determination of volatile halocarbons in blood and tissue. In Environmental Carcinogens selected methods of analysis. Fishbein L, O Neill IK, eds. Lyon, France. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 7 435-444. 

Many substances react in the gas phase rather than in solution. An important example is the process thought to deplete the ozone layer the reaction between gaseous ozone, O3, and chlorine radicals, high up in the stratosphere. Ultimately, the chlorine derives from volatile halocarbon compounds, such as die refrigerant Freon-12 or the methyl chloroform thinner in correction fluid. 

Abrahamsson K, Choo KS, Pedersen M, Johansson G, Snoeijs P (2003) Effects of temperature on the production of hydrogen peroxide and volatile halocarbons by brackish-water algae. Phytochemistry 64 725-734... 

Method for the determination of volatile halocarbons in blood and tissue adaptable to bromomethane determination. 

Comba ME, Palabrica VS, Kaiser KLE. 1994. Volatile halocarbons as tracers of pulp mill effluent plumes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(7) 1065-1074. 

Reunanen M, Kroneld R. 1982. Determination of volatile halocarbons in raw and drinking water, human serum, and urine by electron capture GC. J Chromatogr Sci 20 449-454. 

B Purge and Trap Packed-Column GC/MS Method I (Volatile Halocarbons)... 

APHA. 1992b. M-6230, volatile halocarbons. In Greenburg AE, Clesceri LS, Eaton AD, eds. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 18th ed. Washington, DC ... 

Like many volatile halocarbons and other hydrocarbons, inhalation exposure to carbon tetrachloride leads to rapid depression of the central nervous system. Because of its narcotic properties, carbon tetrachloride was used briefly as an anesthetic in humans, but its use was discontinued because it was less efficacious and more toxic than other anesthetics available (Hardin 1954 Stevens and Forster 1953). Depending on exposure levels, common signs of central nervous system effects include headache, giddiness, weakness, lethargy, and stupor (Cohen 1957 Stevens and Forster 1953 Stewart and Witts 1944). Effects on vision (restricted peripheral vision, amblyopia) have been observed in some cases (e.g., Johnstone 1948 Smyth et al. 1936 Wrtschafter 1933), but not in others (e.g., Stewart and Wtts 1944). In several fatal cases, microscopic examination of brain tissue taken at autopsy revealed focal areas of fatty degeneration and necrosis, usually associated with congestion of cerebral blood vessels (Ashe and Sailer 1942 Cohen 1957 Stevens and Forster 1953). 

Heikes, D.L. (1987) Purge and trap method for determination of volatile halocarbons and carbon disulfide in table-ready foods. J. Assoc, off. anal. Chem., 70, 215-226... 

Ekdahl A, Pedersen M, Abrahamsson K (1998) A Study of the Diurnal Variation of Biogenic Volatile Halocarbons. Mar Chem 63 1... 

Latumus F, Wiencke C, Adams FC (1998) Influence of Light Conditions on the Release of Volatile Halocarbons by Antarctic Macroalgae. Mar Environ Res 45 285... 

Latumus F (1996) Volatile Halocarbons Released from Arctic Macroalgae. Mar Chem 55 359... 

Stottmeister E, Hendel P, Engewald W. 1986. [Gas-chromatogrphic trace analysis of highly volatile halocarbons in waters with simultaneous ECD/FID detection], Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 14 463-474. (German). 

Laturnus F. (1996) Volatile halocarbons released from Arctic macroalgae. Mar. Chem. 55, 359-366. 

Tanhua T., Fogelqvist E., and Basturk O. (1996) Reduction of volatile halocarbons in anoxic seawater, results from a study in the Black Sea. Mar. Chem. 54, 159-170. 

F. Laturnus, Volatile halocarbons released from Arctic macroalgae. Mar. Chem., 55 (1996), 359-366. F. Laturnus, C. Wiencke, H. Kloser, Antarctic macroalgae - sources of volatile halogenated organic compounds. Mar. Environ. Res., 41 (1996), 169-181. 

K. Abrahamson, S. Klick, Determination of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile halocarbons in sea water by liquid-liquid extraction and capillary gas chromatography, J. Chrom., 513 (1990), 39-45. 

Photochemical reductions and oxidations in aquatic environments provide sinks or sources for halocarbons. Such photoreactions are an important process in the dissipation of low-volatility halocarbons, such as halogenated agrochemicals, in aquatic environments (reference 9 contains lead references). For example, field studies of Crossland and Wolff (10) demonstrated the rapid dissipation of pentachlorophenol residues by its photoreaction in English ponds. Evidence emerged that volatile halocarbons such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methylchloroform) may have significant sinks in the aquatic environment... 

Kinetics Considerations. Kinetics concepts and data concerning halocarbon sources and sinks can be used for a variety of purposes. For example, such information is required in mathematical models to evaluate the fate and exposure concentrations of low-volatility toxic organohalogens in water (18, 19). Moreover, kinetics relationships and data concerning physical, chemical, and biological processes are needed to predictively model aquatic sinks of volatile halocarbons (11). 

The hydrolysis rates were computed by using data of Jeffers and co-work-rs (67). Though imprecise, these calculations reinforce the original conclu-ion of Wine and Chameides (66) that aquatic photochemical processes may >e an important sink for volatile halocarbons, especially in upwelling and oastal regions. 

These discussions indicate that aquatic photochemical processes play an im portant role as sinks for halogenated pollutants and as a source of certai natural halocarbons, including volatile halocarbons that escape from the se to the atmosphere. Those photoreactions that provide sinks often result i dehalogenation. Direct photoreactions such as photohydrolysis are likely to b the dominant photoreactions of aromatic halocarbons that strongly absorb sc lar radiation. 

Comba ME, Kaiser KLE. 1985. Volatile halocarbons in the Detroit River and their relationship with contaminant sources. Journal of Great Lakes Research 11 404-418. 

Grotoh M, Sekitani Y, Aramaki T, et al. 1992. Pollution due to volatile halocarbon compounds in biota. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 49(2) 186-191. 

Hartwell TD, Zelon HS, Leininger CC, et al. 1984b. Comparative statistical analysis for volatile halocarbons in indoor and outdoor air. Indoor Air Chemical Characterization and Personal Exposure 4 57-61. 

Kaiser KLE, Comba ME, Huneault H. 1983. Volatile halocarbon contaminants in the Niagara River and in Lake Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes Research 9 212-223. 

Kaiser LKE, Comba ME. 1986. Tracking river plumes with volatile halocarbon contaminants The St. Clair River-Lake St. Clair example. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5 965-976. 

Uhler AAD, Diachenko GW. 1987. Volatile halocarbon compounds in process water and processed foods. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 39 601-607. 

---