Adipocyte differentiation

Biological actions Adipocyte differentiation fatty acid uptake lipogenesis glucose uptake other effects on nutrient metabolism which lower hepatic glucose production... 

Adipose Adipocyte differentiation f Proportion of small, insulin sensitive adipocytes... 

A nuclear receptor that is a key transcription factor in adipocytes. It plays a critical role in the control of adipocyte differentiation and is involved in the regulation of the expression of specific adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin. It has anti-inflammatory actions and is the target of the thiazolidinedione drugs. The preintegration complex is a complex of retroviral DNA and proteins that translocates from the cytosol into the nucleus prior to integration. Gene Therapy... 

Schluter, A. et al.. The chlorophyll-derived metabolite phytanic acid induces white adipocyte differentiation, Int. J. Obes., 26, 1277, 2002. 

Bai NS., HK, Ibarra A, Bily A, Roller M, Chen XZ, Riihl R. Iridoids from Fraxinus excelsior with Adipocyte Differentiation-Inhibitory and PPARa Activation Activity. Journal of Natural Products 2010 (73) 2-6. 

PPAR is a nuclear receptor-transcription factor and is ligand-dependent and expressed in several tissues. It is initially involved in adipocyte differentiation and fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid and eicosanoids bind to PPAR and regulate transcription. PPAR activation inhibits monocyte differentiation and expression of several pro-inflammatory genes such as iNOS, TNF, etc. PPAR activation inhibits tumor cell proliferation (epithelial, colon, prostate). PPAR is involved in angiogenesis. 

Togashi M, Masuda H, Kawada T, Tanaka M, Saida K, Ando K, Tamura G, Magae J (2002) PPARy Activation and Adipocyte Differentiation Induced by AS-6, a Prenyl-phenol Antidiabetic Antibiotic. J Antibiot 55 417... 

Ichida F, Nishimura R, Hata K, Matsubara T, Ikeda F, Hisada K, Yatani H, Cao X, Komori T, Yamaguchi A and Yoneda T (2004) Reciprocal roles of Msx2 in regulation of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 279 34015-34022. 

Kliewer, S. A., Lenhard, J. M., Willson, T. M., Patel, I., Morris, D. C., and Lehmann, J. M. (1995). A prostaglandin J2 metabolite binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and promotes adipocyte differentiation. Cell 83, 813-819. 

In a landmark 1992 study, Kletzien et al. (6) discovered that pioglitazone could potendy induce the differentiation of cultured 3T3L1 fibroblasts into adipocytes. This effect was common to many of the known thiazolidinediones. Shortly thereafter, Tontonoz et al. also found that the nuclear receptor PPARy, which was closely related to PPARa, was an important component of an adipocyte transcription factor complex (ARF6) and was sufficient to drive adipocyte differentiation in cultured cells (7, 8). 

Ristow, M., Muller-Wieland, D., Pfeiffer, A., Krone, W., and Kahn, C. R. (1998). Obesity Associated with a Mutation in a Genetic Regulator of Adipocyte Differentiation. N. Engl.J. Med. 339, 953-959. 

ADPH was not identified as a major MFGM protein until recently because it co-migrates with the glycoprotein known as PAS 6/7. ADPH was known previously as adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP) because it is expressed early during adipocyte differentiation and was believed to be expressed only in adipocytes (Jiang and Serrero, 1992). Since then, ADPH has been detected in a large number of tissues and cell types, where it invariably is associated with intracellular lipid droplets (Heid et al., 1996 1998 Brasaemle et al., 1997). 

Heid, H.W., Schnolzer, M., Keenan, T.W. 1996. Adipocyte differentiation-related protein is secreted into milk as a constituent of milk lipid globule membrane. Biochem. J. 320, 1025-1030. 

Wang, B., Jenkins, J. R., and Trayhurn, P. 2005. Expression and secretion of inflammation-related adipokines by human adipocytes differentiated in culture integrated response to TNF-alpha. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 288, E731-E740. 

Trayhum P, Duncan JS, Wood AM, Beattie JH (2000) Regulation of metallothionein gene expression and secretion in rat adipocytes differentiated from preadipocytes in primary culture. Horm Metab Res 32 542-547... 

Caron, M., Auclair, M., Sterhngot, H., Kornprobst, M., and Capeau, J. (2003). Some HTV protease inhibitors alter lamin A/C maturation and stability, SREBP-1 nuclear localization and adipocyte differentiation. AIDS 17 2437-2444. 

Thyroid orbitopathy is an inflammatory disease of the orbital tissues. This inflammation is mediated through cytokine release, proliferation of fibroblasts, increased deposition of extracellular matrix, and adipocyte differentiation and proliferation. These cellular changes result in enlargement of the extraocular muscles and increased volume of orbital soft tissues, which presents clinically as exophthalmos and optic nerve compression. Edema, inflammation, and late fibrosis account for the decreased function of the extraocular muscles despite relative preservation of the muscle fibers themselves. 

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