Recognition, elements

The recent development of structurally controlled dendrimers has led to the development of a wide range of new functional macromolecules. These dendrimers were first applied in the fields of chemistry, including catalysis, pharmacology, and materials science [23-26]. More recently there have been several reports of dendrimers having electro active, photoactive, and recognition elements [27-34]. Important applications in photonics have recently been exploited, though the number of reports is still limited. 

Biosensors play a significant role in the monitoring of a wide range of diseases and pathogens. A biosensor is an analytical device, which incorporates a biological recognition element or bioreceptor which is capable of sensing the presence. 

The / 2-subunit isoform seems to have a function as a recognition element for cell adhesion in the brain. This association may also mediate fine regulation of transport because antibodies to the pi subunit (AMOG = association molecule of glia) cause dissociation of cell-cell adhesion and stimulate Na,K-transport [51]. 

Given the structural diversity of these structures, and the variety of the biological end-points used to identify them, it is possible that the capsaicinbinding site is not the only recognition element of TRPVl targeted by these compounds. Despite this limitation, some general considerations can be made regarding aromatic (heteroaromatic) substitution. Thus, the most... 

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical quinaldine-based squaraines 14 linked to cellular recognition elements that exhibit near-infrared absorption (>740 nm) could have potential biological and photodynamic therapeutical applications [68]. 

Heterocycles are found in a wide variety of natural products, and the chemical nature of these moieties imparts recognition elements critical to both protein and nucleic acid targets. These moieties may be biosynthesized via either ribosomal or nonribosomal pathways and can occur either singly within a molecule or as multiple, repeating heterocyclic units within the same compound (Figure 13.19). 

Main types of biomolecular recognition elements used in affinity biosensors based on spectroscopy of guided modes include antibodies, nucleic acids and biomimetic materials. Antibodies are used most frequently because of their high affinity, versatility, and commercial availability. 

Optical sensors based on spectroscopy of guided waves have been demonstrated for detection and identification of numerous chemical and biological analytes. The choice of detection format for a particular application depends on the size of target analyte molecules, binding characteristics of available biomolecular recognition element, and range of analyte s concentrations to be measured. 

Biosensors will thus include a recognition element of biological nature, that allows the selective recognition of the analyte in the course of a biochemical reaction (chemical transduction), and an energy transducer (stemming from the latin word transducere, to lead across) that transforms... 

Medley et al. have shown the use of aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for cancer cell detection [50]. Herr et al. [51] have shown the rapid collection and detection of leukemia cells using a novel two-nanoparticle assay with aptamers as the molecular recognition element. 

A biosensor is an analytical device comprising a biological recognition element directly interfaced to a signal transducer, which together relates the concentration of... 

The molecular elements of that pathway were mapped with photoaffinity labeling by different investigators. Farnesyltransferase contains a and heterodimer subunits, and binds to both protein and farnesyl diphosphate. The main recognition elements for the protein is the C-terminal CAAX motif. Coleman et al. attached two benzophenones to the recognition sequence and the resulting photoprobe (38, Fig. 14) specifically labeled both subunits [125]. 

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