Upstream stimulatory factor

In a recent study, Mandola et al. showed that the 28 bp TSER tandem repeats contain elements that bind upstream stimulating factor (USF), and also that ligand binding by USF-1 and USF-2 enhances the transcriptional activity of the TS gene (Fig. 2) (42). Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis has shown that the presence of a G-to-C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the second repeat of the 3R allele leads to decreased ability of upstream stimulatory factor (USF) to bind within the repeat and therefore sequentially result in decreased transcriptional activity of the 3R TS gene variant (42). 

Travers, M.T., Vallance, A.J., Gourlay, H.T., Gill, C.A., Klein, I., Bottema, C.B., Barber, M.C. 2001. Promoter I of the ovine acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha gene an E-box motif at -114 in the proximal promoter binds upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-l and USF-2 and acts as an insulin-response sequence in differentiating adipocytes. Biochem. J. 359, 273-284. 

The 5 end of MT-1 and MT-2 genes possess a TATA box, or core promoter element and numerous response elements that confer metal inducibility on the MT gene promoter (Figure 21.8). Some of these response elements such as API and AP2 in humans and in mouse, the antioxidant response element (ARE) and upstream stimulatory factor (USF) provide putative binding sites for MT transcription factors. The most common of these cis-acting proximal elements are the metal responsive elements (MREs), motifs that are conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate species. Multiple copies of MREs exist in the MT promoter region and act syner-gistically to enhance activity. 

Fatty acid synthase is transcriptionally regulated by upstream stimulatory factor and sterol regulatory element binding protein Ic (SREBP-lc), in response to feeding/insulin. 

Nicolas G> Bennoun M, Devaux I, Beaumont C, Grandchamp B, Kahn A, Vaulont S. Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 98 8780-5. 

Furihata, T Ho.sokawa, M., Satoh, T and Chiba, K. (2004b). Synergistic role of specificity proteins and upstream stimulatory factor 1 in transactivation of the mouse carboxyiestcrase 2/microsomaI acylcamiiine hydrolase gene promoter. Biochem. J.3S4,101-110. 

Hough, P. V. C., Mastrangelo, I. A., Wall, J. S., Hainfeld, J. F.,.Sawadogo, M., and Boeder, R, G. (1987). The gene-specific initiation factor USF (upstream stimulatory factor) bound at the adenovirus type 2 major later promoter Mass and three-dimensional structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 4826-4830. 

Zhong G, Fan T, Liu L (1999) Chlamydia inhibits interferon gamma-inducible major Histocompatibility complex class II expression by degradation of upstream stimulatory factor 1. J Exp Med 189 1931-1938... 

Sato M, Ishizawa S, Yoshida T, Shibahara S (1990) Interaction of upstream stimulatory factor with the human heme oxygenase gene promoter. Eur J Biochem 188 231-237... 

Any DNA sequence that binds protein factors and thereby stimulates transcription. This stimulatory effect may occur over an appreciable distance from the enhancer s site. Enhancers act in either strand orientation, and they can be found either upstream or downstream with respect to the promoter. 

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