Provide Continuous Monitoring

Deborah DeEugenio, Pharm.D., B.C.P.S., is a 2001 graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy at the University of the Sciences (Philadelphia). She completed a residency in Pharmacy Practice at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital (Philadelphia). Dr. DeEugenio is a member of the Temple University School of Pharmacy faculty as a Clinical Assistant Professor and a Certified Antithrombotic Provider and a Board Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist. Her clinical activity takes place at Jefferson Heart Institute as part of the Jefferson Antithrombotics Therapy Service. The ambulatory clinic serves 400 patients on chronic anticoagulation therapy and provides continuous monitoring and education to these patients. The clinic also provides drug information and pharmacy support to the physicians and other health-care providers at the Institute. 

A fully automated analytical method has a number of significant advantages over the manual version. It can be used to carry out a very large number of similar analyses or to provide continuous monitoring of an... 

On-line monitoring equipment provides continuous monitoring of UV lamp intensity. Results are displayed as a percentage of the original output, which... 

Arpino, P. J. Dawkins, B. G. McClafferty, F. W. 1974. A liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry system providing continuous monitoring with nanogram sensitivity. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 12,574-578. 

A fully automated analytical method has a number of significant advantages over the manual version. It can be used to carry out a vc.ry large number of similar analyses or to provide continuous monitoring of an analyte with minimum operator involvement. Moreover, the results obtained will frequently be more reliable. An instrument neither suffers the tedium of repetitive work, nor does it make subjective judgements of readings. Lastly, an automatic instrument can often be used in an environment where it is impossible for an operator to work. Obvious examples are the inside of a nuclear reactor or the outside of a spacecraft. Automated analysis may thus provide information more cheaply and reliably than manual analysis as well as some data that would otheiwise be unobtainable. 

P.J. Arpino, M.A. Baldwin, F.W. McLafferty, LC-MS systems providing continuous monitoring with nanogram sensitivity, Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 1 (1974) 80. 

The process provides continuous monitoring and feedback to maintain the controllable quantity, and thus the actual state, at the proper level. The text describes the monitoring and control of blood glucose concentration as an example of a feedback control system. 

Body Temperature Monitoring Internal body temperature, a potential confounding variable in the association between jet fuel constituent metabolism and performance/health measures, was monitored during the enrollee s work period. Selected subjects were asked to swallow a small pill-like sensor. The device provided continuous monitoring of body core temperature during the enrollee s work period. Other enrollees were asked to wear an aural or skin temperature probe. All enrollees wore Polar Band heart rate monitors around the chest area, and activity sensors on the wrist. 

This program will provide continuous monitoring of safety hazards using employee input. This participation should stimulate employee awareness of safety and motivate the employees to work more safely. The continued use of the program should encourage the employees to have a vested interest in their safety and that of their fellow employees. This sense of involvement can carry over into improvement in individual work habits. 

Laboratory measurements use special instmments for highly accurate analysis and field instmments are used for a quick assessment of conditions. Some instmments are attached to workers (personal samplers or dosimeters) to monitor exposures. Some of these dosimeters determine directly if an exposure exceeds the 8-hr TWA. Arrays of sensors, analysis equipment, and alarm systems are managed by computers to provide continuous monitoring for releases. They warn people by triggering evacuation or corrective procedures for equipment. Many of the instmments require regularly scheduled calibration to assure accurate results. There are a wide range of collection procedures and devices. This discussion is a limited review of collection and analysis equipment. 

Provide Continuous Monitoring of Performance is the final safety culture feature in the comprehensive CCPS book Guidelines for Risk Based Process Safety (KBPS) [9], The focus is leading and lagging indicators of a process safety culture (see Fig. 16.7). 

Developments are now being made with individual transducers or transducer arrays that are left in place to provide continuous monitoring. Permanently attached transducers improve accuracy by removing errors in relocating a transducer to exactly the same point with exactly the same couplant thickness. With proper transducer selection, equipment setup, and controlled temperature conditions, the accuracy of controlled ultrasonic inspection can exceed 0.025 mm in a laboratory setting. Field inspections are typically to within 0.1 mm. 

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