Protective measures generally

Automobile mechanics perform all types of jobs in car repair, preparation and service. The risk of occupational dermatoses varies to a large extent with the specific type of work, the associated dermal exposure (and its duration) and protective measures. Generally, all risks that appear in the car industry may be relevant for automobile mechanics, but whether there is a dermatological risk depends on the size of the workshop, the specific business, the organization of the work, and the occupational health and safety standards assumed in that work place. A wide range of tasks have to be taken into account. 

The maximum allowable oxygen concentration (MAOC), which is, in general, 2 vol % below the LOC, has to include the following considerations fluc tuatiou in oxygen concentrations due to process and breakdown conditions per time and location, as well as the requirement for protective measures or emergency measures to become effective. In addition, a concentration level for an alarm has to be set below the MAOC. 

Containment (Explosion-Pressure-Resistant Design for Maximum Explosion Overpressure) An explosion-resistant construction is understood to mean the possibihty of designing vessels and equipment for the full maximum explosion ove (pressure, which is generally of the order P = 9 bar. The explosion-resistant vessel can then be designed as explosion pressure resistant or explosion pressure shock resistant. This protective measure is generally employed when small vessel volumes need to be protected, such as small filter units, fluidized-bed dryers, cyclones, rotaiy valves, or mill housings. 

Corrosion susceptibility in aqueous media is assessed on the basis of the rating numbers [3, 14], which are different from those of soils. An increased likelihood of corrosion is in general found only in the splash zone. Particularly severe local corrosion can occur in tidal regions, due to the intensive cathodic action of rust components [23, 24]. Since cathodic protection cannot be effective in such areas, the only possibility for corrosion protection measures in the splash zone is increased thickness of protective coatings (see Chapter 16). In contrast to their behavior in soils, horizontal cells have practically no significance. 

As a standby for emergency use in case of accidental release of toxic materials, e.g. during tanker unloading, or disconnection of temporary pipelines or when dealing with spillages generally, or if other protective measures, e.g. local exhaust ventilation, fail in service. 

Again when the measures in Table 5.22 do not prevent, or provide adequate control of exposure there is a requirement to provide suitable personal protective equipment to accomplish it. This includes respiratory protection, protective clothing generally, footwear and eye protection which, in the UK, complies with the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 1992. All routes of exposure, e.g. inhalation, ingestion, absorption through the skin or contact with the skin, must be considered. 

Sometimes it is easiest to prepare a general flowchart that identifies events which may occur at a facility during an incident. This flowchart can identify possible avenues the event may lead to and the protection measures available to mitigate and protect the facility. It will also highlight deficiencies. The use of a flowchart helps the understanding of events by personal unfamiliar with petroleum risk and safety measures. It portrays a step by step scenarios that is easy to follow or explain. Preparation of in-depth risk probability analysis can also use the flowchart as the basis of the event trees or failure modes and effects. Figure 3 provides a generic example of a typical hydrocarbon process facility Safety Flowchart. API Recommended Practice RP 14C provides an example of a Safety Flowchart for an offshore production facility. 

To overcome the possibility of a vessel rupture from a hydrocarbon fire exposure several methods are available. Depressuring, insulation, water cooling or draining are usually employed in some fashion to prevent of the possibility of a vessel rupture from it s own operating pressures. A generalized method to qualitatively determine the effect of a hydrocarbon fire on the strength of vessels constructed of steel is available. With this method one can estimate the time for a vessel to rupture and therefore the need to provide protective measures. 

These were plotted and are compiled in API RP 520, Chart D-2 (page 55). The data plotted is for vessels constructed of ASTM A-5I5, Grade 70 steel, a steel typically employed for process vessels. If other materials are used an allowance for their stress characteristics under heat application needs to be made. Therefore a general determination of the need for protective measures, such as depressurization, can be made for a particular vessel by comparison to the D-2 chart and selected fire exposure temperatures. It should be noted that this is the best available fire test exposure data in the public domain. Improved methods and test data may be available in the future to refine the calculation methods. 

This synthesis is fairly general, and can be used for many amino acids, provided the R side-chain contains no other functional group that is sensitive to the reagents (see Section 13.1). R groups containing -NH2, for example, would require appropriate protection measures. There is also considerable scope for making labelled amino acids via the use of C-labelled cyanide. 

Therapeutic options in rheumatic disease consist of general, physical, and medical measures. General measures comprise general and local rest of the affected joints and local supports such as splints, corsets, and neck collars. Adjustment of life-style and protection against acute physical trauma and/or chronic overuse of affected joints are included in the... 

Anyone who carries out, or intends to carry out, an activity or action of whatever nature shall undertake protective measures, follow restrictions and undertake such precautions in general to prevent or counteract that the activity or action in question results in damage or inconvenience with respect to human health or environment. With the same aim, any professional activity shall use the best available technique. These precautionary measures must be undertaken as soon as there is reason to believe that an activity or measure can cause harm or inconvenience with respect to human health or to the environment. [Emphasis added]23... 

Approaches to Estimating Dose-Response Relationships for Substances That Cause Deterministic Responses. Most of the factors that must be considered in developing reasonably consistent approaches to estimating risk for radionuclides and chemicals that induce stochastic responses discussed in the previous section do not apply to substances that induce deterministic responses. For purposes of health protection, incidence generally is the appropriate measure of response for substances that cause deterministic responses. Furthermore, an accounting of deterministic responses... 

The product of the exposure assessment process should provide the scientific basis for risk management and communication, which are often initiated by identifying possible hazards. As a measurement, the result is complete only when accompanied by a quantitative statement of its uncertainty (Taylor Kuyatt, 1994), which is required in order to decide whether the result is adequate for its intended purpose and to ascertain whether it is consistent with other similar results. In 2002, the European Commission s Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General published a scheme in a report on animal health that highlights the role played by exposure assessment in risk assessment and emphasizes the need for risk communication in all steps of risk assessment (EC, 2002). 

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