Tankers, unloading

The largest pipeline transport of gas, by far, is the movement of methane (natural gas). Natural gas can be Hquefted, but it is not pipelined in Hquid form because of cost and safety considerations. For overseas transport, it is shipped as Hquefted natural gas (LNG) in insulated tankers, unloaded at special unloading faciHties, vaporized, and then transported over land in pipelines as a gas. 

As a standby for emergency use in case of accidental release of toxic materials, e.g. during tanker unloading, or disconnection of temporary pipelines or when dealing with spillages generally, or if other protective measures, e.g. local exhaust ventilation, fail in service. 

Dust Emission Problems during Tanker Unloading Operations... 

The above modifications and recommendations were pursued by the company, resulting in the complete elimination of dust emissions. Work in the vicinity of the soda ash silo now proceeds without interruption (i.e. irrespective of tanker unloading operations). This project was so successful, the company incorporated the same principles and criteria into the design of a new production plant, as shown in Figure 16.15. 

Figure 16.15 Pneumatic tanker unloading system at new production plant...

During loading and unloading of crude oil tankers, the specific gravity of the crude is measured to confirm it meets the specifications for the case where payment is made on a barrel basis, or when the volume is converted into weight if the transaction is based on a price per ton (Hayward et al., 1980). 

A basie safety audit eovering design and system of work features to be eovered for the loading/ unloading of non-pressurized hazardous liquids to/from tankers of tank eontainers is given in Table 15.18. 

Table 15.18 Basic safety audit checklist for loading/unloading non-pressurised hazardous liquids tankers or tank containers...

A tanker carrying toluene is unloaded, using the ship s pumps, to an on-shore storage tank. The pipeline is 225 mm internal diameter and 900 m long. Miscellaneous losses due to fittings, valves, etc., amount to 600 equivalent pipe diameters. The maximum liquid level in the storage tank is 30 m above the lowest level in the ship s tanks. The ship s... 

Liquid chlorine is unloaded from rail tankers into a storage vessel. To provide the necessary NPSH, the transfer pump is placed in a pit below ground level. Given the following information, calculate the NPSH available at the inlet to the pump, at a maximum flow-rate of 16,000 kg/h. 

Decomposition and a pressure explosion occurred while a 10 kl tanker with steamheating coils was being unloaded. 

In search for similar accidents with the same re-occurring deviations prior to the accident, two cases were identified here. In both cases an explosion occurred during the unloading of a tanker when a pump overheated causing a decomposition of N2O vapour, resulting in an explosion. 

Philadelphia, PA, USA, Tanker, Explosion/Fire Incident occurred during unloading of crude oil. 8,10(1,000 loss... 

More versatile than the growth-inhibition assays and potentially applicable to determining the presence of different antibiotic residues in different matrices are the microbial receptor CHARM I and II test assays (19, 20). The Charm I test, developed exclusively for -lactams in milk, constitutes the first rapid test recognized by The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) with a test time of 15 min (19). The speed and sensitivity of this test permitted testing of milk tankers before they unloaded at the processing plant (21). In 1984-1985, the CHARM I test was further developed to test for antibiotics beyond -lactams to include tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, novobiocin, and macrolides. The extended version has been referred to as CHARM II test. 

Huge oil tankers easily load and unload liquid petroleum, as shown in Figure 19.9. On land, petroleum can be pumped vast distances via a network of pipelines. Coal, on the other hand, must be dug out of the ground with heavy machinery and shipped as solid cargo, usually aboard trucks or freight trains. 

A partial account of an explosion, fire and methanethiol release at a site where chlorine and methanethiol tankers were adjacent to each other for unloading. One may surmise that wrong connection allowed contact in the pipework, the two react readily. 

L5 Large quantities of liquefied natural gas (LNG) are shipped by ocean tanker. At the unloading port provision is made for vaporization of the LNG so that it may be delivered to pipelines as gas. The LNG arrives in the tanker at atmospheric pressure and 113.7 K, and represents a possible heat sink for use as the cold reservoir of a heat engine. Assuming unloading of LNG as a vapor at the rate of 8,000 m3 s , as measured at 25°C and 1.0133 bar, and assuming the availability of an adequate heat source at 35°C, what is the maximum possible power obtainable and what is the rate of heat transfer from the heat source ... 

Recommendations for the Loading and Unloading of Ammonia Tankers (Maritime Ports)... 

---