Factor reference

This factor refers to the spatial organization of the information displays. In general, instruments displaying process parameters that are functionally related should also be physically close. In this way, it is likely that a given fault will lead to a symptom pattern that is easier to interpret than a random distribution of information. Although violation of this principle may not induce errors in a direct manner, it may hinder human performance. The following example illustrates this point. 

Figure 10-39. Chart for determining U-dirty from values of U-clean and the sum of tube-side and shell-side fouling resistances. Note Factors refer to outside surface. Fouling resistance is sum of (r + rj, as hr-ft -°F/Btu. (Used by permission Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 1959 and 1968. Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc. All rights reserved.)...

Heavy metals. The profiles of sediment and pollutant depositions and the relationships of concentrations with time have been reconstructed. For most metals the highest accumulations took place between the fifties and the sixties, when the fastest industrial development of Porto Marghera took place. In Figure 2 the concentration profiles of three of the most interesting metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) are plotted vs. depth. Data were "normalized" (i.e. divided) by the background levels, as metals have different natural presence in the environment. This leads to accumulation factors, referred to pre-industrial background values. Any derived data tell... 

Target compound Isotope Enrichment factor References... 

Chronic toxicity Mammalian systems Carcinogenicity Neurotoxicity De ve 1 opm e nta l/rep rod u cti ve toxicity Aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates Plants Mutagenicity, increased tumours Reproduction and growth Cancer slope factors Reference doses, and so on IC50, EC50... 

Plants have a specific property, which is excitability [1-3]. This property is used by cells, tissues, and organs to change their internal condition and external reactions under the action of various environmental factors, referred to as irritants. The high sensitivity of protoplasm and all cell organelles to any natural and electrochemical effects is the basis for... 

O The lower urinary tract symptoms and signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia are due to static, dynamic, or detrusor factors. The static factor refers to anatomic obstruction of the bladder neck caused by an enlarged prostate gland. The dynamic factor refers to excessive stimulation of a-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the prostate, urethra, and bladder neck. The detrusor factor refers to irritability of hypertrophied detrusor muscle as a result of long-standing bladder outlet obstruction. 

Risk factor Refers to any characteristic of a patient or procedure that increases the chance of a patient experiencing a negative endpoint. 

Plant type Growth medium Concentration factor Reference... 

Ecosystem, Taxonomic Group, Organism, and Other Variables Diazinon Concentration in Water (g/L) Exposure Period Concentration Factor Reference b... 

There are several reasons why the behaviour of the shorter chains deviate from the original formulation of the Jacobson and Stockmayer theory (Flory, 1969). First, if the ring size is small enough to induce strain, the enthalpy change for cyclisation (16) will differ from that for the intermolecu-lar process (17). In terms of the 0 operator (39), 0AH° will differ from zero and, presumably, be positive. Secondly, (57) is based on the implicit assumption that the relative orientation of the reacting bonds, when they come in close proximity in the cylisation reaction, is random. This independence of orientation and proximity, which leads to the absence of any factor referring to orientation in (57), must fail for short chains. Thirdly, short chains may not follow Gaussian statistics. When this occurs, an appropriate expression for the density of end-to-end vectors is required. 

Equations for the dynamic reactions of typical structural members are available from the same sources which provide the transformation factors. Refer to Tables 6.1,... 

The time factor is the duration of exposure, with the assumption that the shorter the exposure time, the less likely it is that an individual will suffer an ill effect. The distance factor is the physical separation (e.g., in feet or miles) between an individual and the location of the terrorist event. The shielding factor refers to physical barriers between an individual and hazardous substances emanating from the attack location. These three factors are discussed in detail below, along with general rules for minimizing exposure. 

A substantial amount of confusion (9,10.13,14) has recently developed as to an approach s dependence on conservation of mass. As Cooper and Watson ( ) have noted, the F j factors refer to the source chemistry as it arrives at the receptor. It is assumed with the conservation of mass that the Fj j as might be measured at a receptor, is the same as have been measured at the source. As noted above, this may not be valid depending on the source and the method used for source sampling. The chemical mass balance method incorporates the F j directly in its calculations and as a result is often perceived as having a greater dependence on this assumption than methods such as factor analysis which do not use Fy values in their calculations. Factor analysis methods, however, identify abstract factors, which explain variability. It is impossible to attribute a common... 

This coefficient normally is referred to simply as compressibility or gas compressibility. You must understand that the term compressibility is used to designate the coefficient of isothermal compressibility whereas, the term compressibility factor refers to z-factor, the coefficient in the compressibility equation of state. Although both are related to the effect of pressure on the volume of a gas, the two are distinctly not equivalent. 

The analysis of a complex population of cells may call for the identification of the cells of interest with one MAb, and quantitation of antigen expression on these cells with a second antibody. The choice of fluorochrome for each purpose may be influenced by relative levels of expression of the markers involved, as well as the factors referred to above. There is a degree of spectral overlap between fluorochromes, and this may make sensitive quantitation of a low level antigen difficult in the presence of high level labeling of the first antibody used for cell identification. This can be mitigated to some extent by selection of the more sensitive fluorochrome (e.g., phyco-erythrin) for the low level quantitation. In any event, quantitative analysis requires careful adjustment of spectral overlap an adjustment procedure for multiple fluorochromes appears in Chapter 34, and quantitative adjustment of compensation is illustrated in Section 3.4. 

Value given by Satchell for sulfuric acid solution (18). c The partial rate factors refer to the methoxyl at position 1 (or 3). d/0Me for position 2. 

Plant Clone name Observations Inducibility by other factors References... 

It nevertheless remains difficult to discriminate morphological effects at the lamellar level from other factors, such as crystallinity and spherulite size [128], on the basis of the available evidence [21, 23, 24, 129, 130, 131, 132] (cf. Sect. 3.4.1). This also makes it difficult to discount alternative explanations for the improved ductility of the ft phase above Tg, based on its intrinsically higher molecular mobility, for example [133, 134, 135, 136]. One is therefore forced to conclude that any or all of the factors referred to here may play a significant role in the observed behaviour. 

Application factor Refers to number used to estimate concentration of a sub-stance/chemical that will not produce significant adverse effects/harm to a... 

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