1.3- Propanediol fermentation

Gong Y, Tang Y, Wang XL, Yu LX, Liu DH. (2004). The possibility of the desalination of actual 1,3-propanediol fermentation broth by electrodialysis. Desalination, 16, 169-178. 

Jin P, Li S, Lu SG, Zhu JG, Huang H. (2011b). Improved 1,3-propanediol production with hemicellulosic hydrolysates (corn straw) as cosubstrate impact of degradation products on Klebsiella pneumoniae growth and 1,3-propanediol fermentation. Bioresource Technol, 102, 1815-1821. 

Wang YH. 2010. Metabolic flux analysis of 1,3-propanediol fermentation by Klebsiella pneumonia under microaeroic conditions. Doctoral Dissertation of Dalian University of Technology. 

Wu RC, Xu YZ, Song YQ, Luo JA, Liu D. (2011). A novel strategy for salts recovery from 1,3-propanediol fermentation broth by bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Sep Purif Technol, 83, 9-14. 

Zheng ZM, Cheng KK, Hu QL, Liu HJ, Guo NN, Liu DH. (2008b). Effect of culture conditions on 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde detoxification in 1,3-propanediol fermentation hy Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biochem Eng J, 39, 305-310. 

Cheng, K.K., Liu, H.J., Liu, D.H., 2005. Multiple growth inhibition of Klebsiella pneumonwe in 1,3-propanediol fermentation. Biotechnology Letters 27,19-22. 

In addition to methanogens and some acetogens, bacteria capable of 1,2-propanediol fermentation have been reported to produce vitamin B12 [286]. The transformation of 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol) to propionaldehyde requires vitamin B12. Further fermentation of propionaldehyde to n-propanol and propionic acid does not require vitamin B12 but yields energy for growth. 

Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA). Like the structurally isomeric lactic acid, 3-HPA constitutes a three-carbon building block with the potential of becoming a key intermediate for a variety of high-volume chemicals malonic and acrylic acids, methacrylate, acrylonitrile, 1,3-propanediol, and so forth.Thus, Cargill is developing a low-cost fermentation route by metabolic engineering of the microbial... 

DuPont and Shell have developed a new polyester, poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) (structure 19.38) that is structurally similar to PET, except that 1,3-propanediol (PDO) is used in place of ethylene glycol. The extra carbon in Sorona allows the fiber to be more easily colored giving a textile material that is softer with greater stretch. Further, it offers good wear and stain resistance for carpet use. The ready availability of the monomer PDO is a major consideration with efforts underway to create PDO from the fermentation of sugar through the use of biocatalysts for this conversion. Sorona and Lycra blends have already been successfully marketed. Sorona is also targeted for use as a resin and film. 

In this chapter, we present part of our work on the conversion of bioglycerol into 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol and H2 using different microorganisms and discuss the use of a single bacterial strain isolated from anaerobic fermentation media, which is able to produce either diols or H2 according to the conditions in which it is grown. 

PD is the least toxic product in the glycerol fermentation, but nevertheless determines the achievable final concentration. A final concentration of propanediol around 60-70 g/1 is usually achieved with wild-type strains. More than 85 g/1 1,3-PD can be produced with these microorganisms in special fed-batch fermentations (unpublished results). With externally added 1,3-PD,... 

Hydroxypropanal. 3-Hydroxypropanal can be formed by fermentation of glucose and is thus an attractive starting material for production of 1,3-propanediol, which can be polymerized with /ere-phthalic acid to produce poly trimethylene terephthalate (PTT). PTT is used in the fibers industry in the production of stain resistant carpets etc. 

Propanediol is produced either from the reductive hydration of acrolein (Degussa-DuPont process), or through reductive carbonylation of ethylene oxide (Shell process), or through fermentation of glucose via glycerol (DuPont-Genencor process). 

The seventh and final paper, "Development of a Fermentation-Based Process for 1,3-Propanediol Highlights of a Successful Path from Corn to Textile Fiber," by Tyler Ames of DuPont, reviewed the multiyear effort by DuPont and its development partners (Genecor International and Tate Lyle) to commercialize a new biocatalytic process for the production of 1,3-propanediol (PDO), a key ingredient in DuPont s new Sorona advanced polymer platform. PDO is currently being produced at pilot scale at Tate Lyle s Decatur, IL, site, and construction of a commercial-scale facility is expected to begin soon. 

For DuPont, the commercialization of 1,3-propanediol and PTT has opened up markets for industrial products from renewable resources. Through a partnership with Genencor International, DuPont has recently developed a lower-cost fermentation route that converts biomass sugars into 1,3-propanediol. DuPont plans to transition to the biobased process for... 

This -ketoadipate pathway produces e.g., succinic acid, a compound used as monomer for the production of aliphatic polyesters. Already in 1881, the production of e.g., 1,3-propanediol by the fermentation of glycerol was reported [8],... 

Catalytic reduction and/or fermentation to produce 1,3-propanediol, a polymer with applications in the textile sector and a key feedstock for production of the renewable polymer Sorona produced by Du Pont... 

Table 4.1 presents potential platform chemicals and their possible derivatives that could be produced from bioconversion of saccharides. Some of these platform chemicals are already industrially produced via fermentation, such as bioethanol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol... 

Biebl, H., Zeng, A.P., Menzel, K. and Deckwer, W.D. 1998. Fermentation of Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol and 2,3-Butanediol by Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50,... 

Colin, T., Bories, A. and Moulin, G. 2000. Inhibition of Clostridium Butyricum by 1,3-Propanediol and Diols During Glycerol Fermentation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54,201-205. 

There are already several examples of chemicals being produced by microbial fermentation of engineered cell factories, whose production through metabolic engineering has been boosted by the use of genomics tools, e.g., 1,3-propanediol used for polymer production, riboflavin used as a vitamin, and 7-aminodeacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) used as a precursor for antibiotics production. Furthermore, in the quest to develop a more sustainable society, the chemical industry is currently developing novel processes for many other fuels and chemicals, e.g., butanol, to be used for fuels, organic acids to be used for polymer production, and amino acids to be used as feed. 

Propanediol (1,3PD) is also undergoing a transition from a small-volume specialty chemical into a commodity. The driving force is its application in poly (trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), which is expected to partially replace polyethylene terephthalate) and polyamide because of its better performance, such as stretch recovery. The projected market volume of PTT under the trade-names CORTERRA (Shell) and Sorona 3GT (Dupont) is 1 Mt a-1 within a few years. In consequence, the production volume of 1,3PD is expected to expand from 55kta-1 in 1999 to 360 kt a-1 in the near future. 1,3PD used to be synthesized from acrolein by Degussa and from ethylene oxide by Shell (see Fig. 8.8) but a fermentative process is now joining the competition. 

A spin-off effect of the recent enormous increase in biodiesel production is that the coproduct, glycerol, has become a low-priced commodity chemical. Consequently, there is currently considerable interest in finding new applications of glycerol [204]. One possibility is to use glycerol as the feedstock for fermentative production of 1,3-propanediol (see earlier). 

---