Thick-film technology

Thick-film technologies Thin-film technologies 

Sol-gel Chemical vapor deposition (thermal, plasma, laser induced) 

Ceramic materials are the preferred basis for thick films produced with higher temepratures. Among them are substances like aluminium oxide, glass and quartz. For lower-temperature manufacturing, the assortment of substrate materials is more versatile. Plastic foils as well as specially prepared paper or cardboard are widespread materials. 

For thick-film technology, a broad range of materials is available. Costs for materials and production are comparatively low. Small series can be produced with reasonable effort on the laboratory scale. On the other hand, production of a large number of pieces also is not a problem since automatic screenprinting machines are available. Disadvantages are the low resolution and the high surface roughness of the screen printed layers, in particular after thermal 

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Thick film technology Thick-walled cylinders Thielavia basicola Thiele-Geddes model Thiele modulus Thiele s hydrocarbon... 

Equally important as tape casting in the fabrication of multilayer ceramics is thick film processing. Thick film technology is widely used in microelectronics for resistor networks, hybrid integrated circuitry, and discrete components, such as capacitors and inductors along with metallization of MLC capacitors and packages as mentioned above. 

Fig. 9. Monolithic multilayer ceramics (MMCs) derived from multilayer capacitor, high temperature cofire, and thick film technologies.

Miscellaneous. Ruthenium dioxide-based thick-film resistors have been used as secondary thermometers below I K (92). Ruthenium dioxide-coated anodes ate the most widely used anode for chlorine production (93). Ruthenium(IV) oxide and other compounds ate used in the electronics industry as resistor material in apphcations where thick-film technology is used to print electrical circuits (94) (see Electronic materials). Ruthenium electroplate has similar properties to those of rhodium, but is much less expensive. Electrolytes used for mthenium electroplating (95) include [Ru2Clg(OH2)2N] Na2[Ru(N02)4(N0)0H] [13859-66-0] and (NH 2P uds(NO)] [13820-58-1], Several photocatalytic cycles that generate... 

R. S. Holmes and R. G. Loasby, Handbook of Thick Film Technology, Electrochemical PubHcations, 1976. 

O2, and hydrocarbons, leading to a NH3 selective sensor. Arguments in favor of using a zeolite-based sensor in NH3 detection for automotive apphcations are low cost, high temperature stability, and suitability for use in thick-film technology, of common use in the automotive industry [72]. The sensors were tested on an engine test bank and the authors claim that the sensor itself meets aU the technological and economical demands of the automotive industry [73]. 

The added value, variety of use, and methods to apply zeohte coatings or films in sensor apphcations has been convincingly demonstrated. Although current trends focus on miniaturization of sensors and creating smaUer zeohte crystals and thinner films, to decrease the response time of the sensor [79], often thick-film technology is sufficient to apply zeohte films for this type of application. Some sensor materials cannot withstand the high temperatures necessary for template removal by air calcination. Recent work demonstrated that ozonication yields... 

M.A. Sirvent, A. Merkoci, and S. Alegret, Pesticide determination in tap water and juice samples using disposable amperometric biosensors made using thick-film technology. Anal. Chim. Acta 442, 35-44 (2001). 

H20, humidity Capacitive polmyer sensors and ceramic sensors Thin film technology and thick film technology... 

Bioresorbable polymers, 3 735-740 Bioselective adsorption, 6 387 Biosensors, 3 794-815 14 154 22 269 affinity DNA biosensors, 3 805-808 affinity immunosensors, 3 800-805 applications, 3 812-813 biomimetic sensors, 3 809-810 catalytic, 3 796-799 cellulose ester applications, 5 408 comparison with microarrays, J6 38It evolution of, 16 380-381 production by thick-film technology, 3 810-812... 

Thick-film techniques, industrial platinum resistance thermometer manufacture using, 24 447 Thick-film technology... 

In summary, the main advantages of thick-film technology are the high-conductivity conductors and the relatively inexpensive process equipment, whereas the drawbacks are the limited number of layers, the multiple printing and firing steps, the low conductor line resolution, and the limited dielectric thickness. 

Introduction to Hybrid Thick Film Technology Center for Professional Advancement East Brunswick, NJ, 1982. 

C.A. Galan-Vidal, J. Munoz, C. Dominguez and S. Alegret, Chemical sensors, biosensors and thick-film technology, TrAC, 14 (1995) 225-231. 

Most electrochemical immunosensors use screen-printed electrodes produced by thick-film technology as transducers the importance of screen-printed electrodes in analytical chemistry is related to the interest for development of disposable and inexpensive immunosensors. A thick-film is based on the layers deposition of inks or pastes sequentially onto an insulating support or substrate the ink is forced through a screen onto a substrate and the open mesh pattern in the screen defines the pattern of the deposited ink. 

Before dealing with the central topic, I would like to raise some further issues pertinent to it, and indeed to the development of thick-film sensors in general. Thick-film sensors are an important part of biosensor research because some blood glucose sensors for use in the home are made this way—if these are successful surely others can be Further, thick-film technology is not expensive and allows research laboratories to produce quickly, reasonably uniform devices in sufficient numbers for well replicated experiments. At the same time, some insight can be gained into the nature and demands of an industrial production process. 

Due to the history of the principle it is not surprising that miniaturized enzymatic amperometric biosensors produced by means of thin and thick film technology were investigated extensively in recent years [61 - 66]. 

Amperometric biosensors combine the specificity and selectivity of biological sensing components with the analytical power of electrochemistry. Because of the use of metal electrodes which can be deposided on nearly all substrates, thin and thick film technology is the method of first choice. The limitation which occurs with silicon device technology is no longer decisive and biosensor production is not restricted to silicon production lines. 

The first miniaturized electrochemical device for measuring glucose in whole blood was a mediated system produced in thick-film technology by screen printing [73]. This disposable, single-shot system is produced and actually marketed widely by the company Medisense. Several other companies are now following with similar approaches [74,75]. 

In recent years some innovative techniques for sensor preparation have been proposed thick- and thin-film technology, silicon technology, etc. they are characterized by the possibility of mass-production and high reproducibility. Among these, the equipment needed for thick film technology is less complex and less costly and thus it is one of the most used for sensor production. 

Thick-film technology consists of depositing inks on a substrate in a film of controlled pattern and thickness, mainly by screen-printing (Fig. 1). 

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