Production facilities, flow diagram

Figure 1-1 is a block diagram of a production facility that is primarily designed to handle gas wells. The well flow stream may require heating prior to initial separation. Since most gas wells flow at high pressure, a... 

The industrial production of m-xylene is very similar to that of p-xylene. In fact, most of the production of m-xylene is done in facilities where a much larger quantity of p-xylene is produced. Figure 7.5 is a typical flow diagram for an aromatics complex where m-xylene is produced. It is quite like the flow diagram for the production of p-xylene except that a fraction of the Parex unit raffinate, containing typically over 60% m-xylene, is used as fresh feed to the MX Sorbex unit for m-xylene extraction. Because the required m-xylene production is typically much lower than that of p-xylene and the MX Sorbex fresh feed stream is three times more concentrated than the Parex unit fresh feed stream, the feed stream to the... 

Figure 2 shows a simplified process flow diagram for halogenated aliphatic acid production facilities [8]. Halogenated aliphatic acids include chlorinated aliphatic acids and their salts, for example, TCA, Dalapon, and Fenac herbicides. Chlorinated aliphatic acids can be prepared by nitric acid oxidation of chloral (TCA) or by direct chlorination of the acid. The acids can be sold as mono- or dichloro acids, or neutralized to an aqueous solution with caustic soda. The neutralized solution is generally fed to a dryer from which the powdered product is packaged. 

Figure 2 General process flow diagram for halogerated aliphatic acid production facilities. Major processes for pesticide production, including chlorination, cooling, crystallization, centrifying, and drying. The salt of the pesticide is produced by another route (from Ref. 8).

For each manufacturing location, the BLA should include a floor diagram indicating the general production facility layout. Each diagram or accompanying narrative should include product, personnel, equipment, waste, and air flow for production areas an illustration or indication of which areas are served by each air-handling unit and air pressure differentials between adjacent areas. 

Figure 3. Typical flow diagram of production facilities. (Reproduced with permission from reference 7. Copy right 1987 Elsevier.)...

The system has been applied to the agricultural chemical production complex in the lower Mississippi River corridor, and the process flow diagram of plants in this complex is shown in Fig. 10 and is called the base case of existing plants. There are 11 production units plus associated utilities for power, steam and cooling water, and facilities for waste treatment. A production unit contains more than one plant for example, the sulfuric acid production unit contains five... 

The name, address, and responsibility of each manufacturer, including contractors, and each proposed production site or facility involved in manufacturing a drug product are to be provided. A flow diagram is recommended to present the steps of a drug product manufacturing process and should indicate where materials enter the process. The critical... 

Fig. 8.46 S implified flow diagram of a facility using a flat die pellet press and a belt d er/cooler for the production of seconda solid fuel from digested sewage sludge (courtesy Amandus Kahl, Reinbek, Germany)...

The flow diagram is a schematic drawing used to show the interconnections between all equipment that will be installed. It is different from a block diagram in that it contains much more detail. Every wire and cable must be included on the drawings. A typical flow diagram for a video production facility is shown in Fig. 23.11. 

The flow diagram for the Kern County plant is identical to Figure 9-45 except that the Kern County facility uses a cocurrent, downflow pipeline contactor. The pipeline contactor is designed for a 2 psi maximum pressure drop at the design gas rate. Pressure drop is very important in this system because backpressure in the casinghead restricts oil production. 

Figure 29.2 shows a typical pilot plant for production of field trial compounds. Fig. 29.3 shows a multipurpose small-scale production facility, and a typical flow diagram for the preparation of phorate is presented in Fig. 29.4. Methods of preparation for many different agrochemicals can be found in the references.

Figure 1 is a simplified process flow diagram for a typical PVC manufacturing facility. If the reactor vessel has been opened for maintenance after the last batch was processed and dumped, it must first be evacuated to remove any residual air (oxygen) in the vapor space, to minimize the oxidation reaction of monomer which produces HCI and may lead to stress corrosion damage to the reactor vessel as well as to poor product quality. Otherwise, the first step is to treat the reactor vessel with anti-foulant solution to prevent polymerization on the reactor walls. This is followed by charging the vessel with de-mineralized water and surfactants. 

---