Turbines production facilities

Both reciprocating engines and turbines are used as prime movers in production facilities to directly drive pumps, compressors, generators, cranes, etc. Reciprocating engines for oil field applications range in horsepower from 100 to 3,500, while gas turbines range from 1,500 to in excess of 75,000. 

The required power for production facilities is either generated on site by engine- or turbine-driven generator units or purchased from a local utility company. For onshore facilities the power is generally purchased from a utility. However, if the facility is at a remote location where there... 

Table 15.4 shows typical applications for the range of oil fuels for use with major prime movers. Medium/high-speed diesel engines generally use distillate fuel oils while medium/low-speed units generally bum residual fuels. The gas turbine, which normally operates on liquid distillate fuels, is capable of running on residual fuels, although examples of these are normally associated with crude production facilities. 

At present there is still excess electrical capacity in the U.S.. In addition, the low price of gas permits the economic construction of new gas turbine electrical plants. But new gas plants, and methane leaking from underground gas production facilities and... 

Table 4 presents the direct construction costs for the two plants. Equipment costs must be adjusted to account for hydrogen production these costs include the intermediate heat exchanger ( 56 M), reactor-process piping ( 38 M), primary helium circulator ( 33 M), and intermediate loop circulator ( 22 M) (for a total of 149 M). These costs are added to Account 22. On the other hand, 84% of the Fixed Capital Investment of the S-I hydrogen production facility ( 571.53 IM x 0.84 = 480 M) in account 23 (Chemical Facility) replaces account 23 (Turbine-Generator). Also, the initial chemical inventory (primarily iodine) is equal to 114.8 M x 0.84 = 96 M. (Although there is an implicit assumption in [13] that all iodine is recycled, this assumption is challenged in [14].)... 

Various tests and data acquisition operations planned during the operation programme were continued during the 60 % NP steady state. Power was temporarily reduced several times to 50 % NP in order to conduct the last adjustments to the equipment of the electricity production facilities and to avoid automatic shutdown of the plant in the event of a spurious trip of a turbine. On another occasion, it was reduced to 40 % NP to enable repairing a steam inlet piping support, with the corresponding turbine shut down. 

Pulp and paper mills. The second largest consumers of tyre fuel ate pulp and paper mills (Table 1, Fig. 4). Because the production of pulp and paper is an energy-intensive process, these facilities typically have their own boilers and turbines to meet electrical needs. Pulp and paper mills use TDF instead of whole tyres to supplement wood waste as fuel. The wood waste, also referred to as hog fuel, consists of chipped bark and other unusable tree parts (Barlaz et al. 1993). The use of TDF helps maintain constant combustion conditions in the stoker grate boiler system, which are not easily achieved using wood waste alone (Ohio Air Quality Development Authority 1991). The fuel-feeding process of these types of boilers, however, requires that the TDF be almost entirely free of wires (Jones et al. 1990). This requirement increases the costs of fuel significantly. 

In the case of "flash steam" power plants, the steam is either generated directly by the production wells or the wells produce hot water from which steam can be separated to drive conventional steam turbine generators. The size of these plants ranges from 100 kW to 150 mW. Figure 2.104 illustrates the optimizing control system for such a geothermal facility. 

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