Product life cycle functional products

Packaging trends involve lower cost, more functionality, volume growth, shorter product life-cycles and increased value. Rigid plastic packaging now dominates markets which were previously the exclusive realms of materials such as glass and metal, despite the fact that some technical aspects of plastic are still inferior to those of such traditional materials, e.g. the failure of plastics to withstand high temperatures without deforming, or barrier properties of a standard comparable to that... 

Figure 1 provides a validation time line that embraces this life cycle. Critical product specifications are determined chiefly by safety and efficacy (animal and human) studies. Critical process operating parameters are a function of process capability and are determined by process development, which includes process validation. Experienced process validation practitioners and regulators have learned repeatedly that just as quality must be built into a product (i.e., it cannot be tested in ) robustness also has to be built into a process. A robust process is a process that behaves in a stable manner even when minor changes occur to its critical process parameters. 

The manufacturing processes need to take a holistic view of tlie total life cycle of products including tlieh manufactme and disposal (from factory and from patient). Tlie choice of chual syntheses, metabolically engineered cells, microreactors for optimized processes, and medical devices designed for function and recycling (and manufacturability) are key considerations to be applied early in the development process. 

Rapid communication over the Internet will revolutionize not only trade but also all the business functions. A paradigm of electronic design and commerce (eDC) can be envisioned as shown in Figure 14. Further expanded to the entire enterprise, it is often referred to as electronic enterprise (eEnterprise). Three pillars support eDC or eEnterprise the integrated product life cycle, mass customization, and the supply chain. 

The term product model can be logically interpreted to mean the accumulation of all product-related information within the product life cycle. This information is stored in the form of digitalized product model data and is provided with access and management functions. Modeling systems serve for the processing and handling of the product model data. 

Ident Structure (consists of) Relations to Other 0 bjects Functions to Process the Product Product Life Cycle Status - Ident - Structure (consists of) - Relations to Other Objects - Functions to Process the Orders - Order Life Cycle Status Ident Structure (consists of) Relations to Other Objects Functions to Process the Resource Resource Life Cycle Status ... 

Before examining the approaches to recycling textiles, it is important to place this discussion in the context of the product life cycle. The methodology of LCA is one approach to quantitatively assess the environmental advantages of recycling fibre. An LCA typically considers the energy, water and chemical impacts of a product system from cradle (raw materials) through to production, distribution, use by the consumer and disposal. Formal LCA follows ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. It requires determination of the functional unit of the product or raw material in question to be assessed, for example T kg of cotton fibre , or one viscose blouse . Importantly, LCA is conducted under defined system boundaries. For example, the LCA may be... 

Kim SJ, Kara S (2012) Impact of technology on product life cycle design an environmental and functional perspective. In Proceedings of the 19th CIRP international conference on life cycle engineering, Berkeley, 23-25 May, pp 191-192... 

The uncertainties through the product life cycle begin from the design intent to the inspection activity. In the ISO TS 17450 Part 2 (Humienny 2009), the notion of the uncertainty is generalized to the specification and the verification. The transition between the functional requirements and their inspection is ensured by some models and tools. The total uncertainty of this transition is divided into correlation uncertainty, specification uncertainty, and measurement uncertainty. Correlation uncertainty characterizes the fact that the intended functionality and the controlled characteristics may not be perfectly correlated. The specification uncertainty characterizes the ambiguity in the specification expression. And the measurement uncertainty is however the best known type of uncertainties. It is considered by the metrologists and well described in GUM. 

A typical product life-cycle begins with the extraction of raw materials from the earth, followed by the functionalizing of the raw materials into useful feedstock chemicals that can be transformed into the various chemical products that we require for making products. The synthesis of the chemical products involves the use of various reagents in order to create the desired product. Many reagents are used to perform a specific function on the molecule, but are not actually incorporated into the product. The reagents that are not incorporated into the product typically result in waste in a chemical process. 

A giant break in the thinking in most companies is the shift from a functional orientation focused on source, make, and deliver processes — a budgetary view — to a product orientation where the needs of products or product categories are paramount — not a common view. When there are multiple products or product families in a company, the product life cycle model describes each product s position in its market. Figure 5.2... 

Figure 5.3 maps the product life cycle with innovative and functional products. The four-quadrant grid shows each life-cycle phase, starting from the upper right. The top quadrants are the domain of innovative products, while functional products populate the bottom two quadrants. 

Part 11 of this text details a number of the various common system safety analytical methods and techniques that are practiced in the system safety discipline. Each of these methods or techniques is usually conducted at specific points during the project or product life cycle, as indicated in Eigure 3.4. At this point, it is important to understand that a specific system or program may require the use of any or all of the system safety analysis techniques available to today s system safety professional. Each method has its own distinct purpose and function, and, as tools, each can be quite useful. 

In the 80s, companies were forced to change the product development process from the traditional over the waU approach to more integrated ways of working to beat growing competition, react to reduced product life cycles, and meet changing market and customer demands [1]. They needed to be able to develop new products, which were cheaper, delivered faster and provided a greater functionality [2]. CE was considered to offer a solution to the problems encountered. 

Mock-ups are stiU widely used, especially in the manufacturing phases of the product life-cycle where they prove the fulfillment of expected requirements in geometrical design. In the further phases prototypes are used, being among them the difference that prototypes fulfill some kind of functionality of the real product,... 

Based on DMU, FDMU shall comprise the results of aU simulations needed for full presentation of the behavioral system description. Literally spoken, FDMU extracts the data from aU virtual models of a product and gives them a physical meaning. It makes the product function experienceable and facilitates the physicalisation of data by setting the physical effects in context of a product [27]. As a prerequisite, one has to ensure a deep interaction between visualization and numerical simulation with respect to product life-cycle management. FDMU application requires three basic components a description of the geometry, a description of the behavior and a comprehensive visualization of the results with fine adjustable filtering capability (Fig. 13.7). 

Companies may use the calendar either as a stand-alone software solution or it may be integrated with the company-wide product data management (PDM) or product life-cycle management (PLM) solutions. In some systems there is a functionality to notify the responsible party with flagging when certain activities are not met according to the scheduled time. 

Product planning remains complex due to the interactions involved between the customer s requirements and the product s functional attributes. Concepts have been developed to assist this process and references [1-3] highlight some of them. Product life cycle requires consideration due to shortening of product life in the marketplace and emissions requirements. It can be viewed from different... 

In the light of the above explanations, it can be construed that a cOTifigurable system is a specialist system, which combines to yield a system-of-systems that performs the function of an integrated system for the entire product life cycle, i.e., from concept generation to its maturity. 

These have played an important role as enablers of various functions, as well as decision-making tools in the product life cycle. This is particularly true in the case of enterprise resource planning systems that firms have been using successfully to integrate actions and policies across functions and entities in an enterprise. The problem, however, arises whenever newer functions are introduced into the enterprise, especially when various parts or entities of the system are either not ready or incapable of integration due to various reasons, primarily lack of technological capabilities. 

A defect is any outcome of a process (manufacturing or assembly) that impairs or has the potential to impair the functionality of the product at any time. The defect may arise during a single process or maybe the result of a sequence of processes. The yield of a process is the fraction of products that are acceptable for use in a subsequent process in the manufacturing sequence or product life cycle. The cumulative yield of the process is determined by multiplying the individual yields of each of the individual process steps. The source of defects is not always apparent, because defects resulting from a process can go undetected until the product reaches some downstream point in the process sequence, especially if screening is not employed. 

The production of durable functional products without using petroleum-based raw materials is a focus of much academic research today but it is also prioritized by many industries. Many questions still remain concerning the use, production and properties of bio-based and/or degradable polymers and whether or not they are more environmentally friendly than oil-based products. Polylactide is a bio-based compostable thermoplastic that is considered as one of the most promising materials for replacement of traditional volume plastics. The properties of polylactide can be tuned to resemble polystyrene, polyfethylene terephthalate) or polyolefins by controlling the stereochemistry by copolymerization or blending. This chapter reviews the life-cycle of polylactide based materials as well as the properties and applications. The recent trends in the area are also discussed. 

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