Cumulative yield

The product yield of LDPE and HDPE for the same degradation time is in the order of ZSM-5 catalyst > RFCC catalyst > thermal, and the cumulative yield of liquid product from LDPE was greater than that from HDPE. 

Fig. 4. Mass distribution of the product of the 14N(35 MeV/u) + 197Au reaction [19]. Open circles indicate cumulative yields. The percentage is for the measured nuclides in the reaction products. The unit in the ordinate mb = 10 3 m 2...

Extraction and Separation of Lipid and Cholesterol from Beef Tallow with SC-CO2. The cumulative yields of the fractions for various operating conditions used to extract 100 g of edible beef tallow are shown in Figure 2. The SC-CO2 used to extract all lipids charged in the extractor at 345 bar and 241 bar were 10 and 22 kg, respectively. At 138 bar, 22% of the total beef tallow was extracted after 20 kg CO2 was passed. These results indicate the high dependency of triglyceride solubility on the applied pressure and temperature and confirm the greater extraction efficiencies at the higher pressures. 

Figure 2. Cumulative yields of beef tallow lipids extracted with SC-CO2 at different pressures and temperatures.

Figure 4. Cumulative yields of cholesterol and lipid extracted from beef tallow with SC-CO2 at 138 bar/40°C with and without 5% ethyl alcohol as solvent modifier.

Elution and Breakthrough Characteristics of the Generator. The fractional elution yield and cumulative yield of Rb-82 are shown in Figure 5a,b for 2% saline bolus elutions at a flow rate of 1 ml/sec. Nine 3 ml fractions were collected over 27 sec. Each value is the mean of 3 determinations. Fractions 3-5 contain 70% of the Rb-82 available from the Sr-82 on the alumina column. The total elution yield is about 95% in nine fractions. 

In discussions of fission, one frequently hears the terms cumulative yield and independent yield. The independent yield of a nuclide is just what it appears, the yield of that nucleus as a primary fission product. Because the fission products are all (3 emitters, they decay toward the bottom of the valley of (3 stability, populating several different members of an isobaric series, as, for example, with A = 140 fragments ... 

The yield of each member of the isobaric series integrates, by virtue of the intervening (3 decay, the yields of its precursors. Such yields are referred to as cumulative yields. For example, the cumulative yield of the mass 140 chain in the thermal neutron-induced fission of 235U is 6.25%. 

Example Problem In the above example, what is the independent yield of 140Ba for the thermal neutron-induced fission of 235U and what is its cumulative yield ... 

Isomeric states are denoted by the symbol "m after the mass number and are given in the order of increasing excitation energy. The 235U thermal fission products, with fractional cumulative yields>10, are italicized in the table. The information on fission products is taken from the ENDF/B—VI fission products file [8],... 

The reduction to cumulant s tremendously reduces the number of diagrams to be explicitly considered. Furthermore, each cumulant yields a single factor of the volume i of the system. The cunmlants therefore will play a prominent role in our construction of the thermodynamic limit Q — qg for a many-chain svstem,... 

Farrer, H., Tomlinson, R. H. (1962) Cumulative yields of the heavy fragments in 235U thermal neutron fission. Nuclear Physics, 34, 367-81. 

Run Stock soln. Diethyl carbon- ate added, mols Distillate re- Mother liquor Crude product, g. Carbohydrazide cumulative yield ... 

Because two fission products are emitted for every binary fission, the cumulative yield for the mass chains is 200 percent. 

The distinction between instantaneous and cumulative yield ratios or selectivities becomes immaterial in gradientless reactors (continuous stirred-tank at steady state or differential once-through reactors) or if the instantaneous values do not vary with conversion. 

Fractional conversion of a reactant is defined as the ratio of the amount consumed to that charged. In this book, the following definitions of yield, yield ratio, and selectivity are used The yield of a product is the ratio of the amount of reactant (or reactants) converted to the product to the total amount of reactant (or reactants) charged. The cumulative yield ratio of two products is the ratios of their yields. The instantaneous yield ratio is the ratio of the momentary rates of conversion to these products. The cumulative selectivity to a product is the ratio of the amount of reactant (or reactants) converted to that product to the amount consumed. The instantaneous selectivity is the ratio of the momentary rate of reactant conversion to the product to that of reactant consumption. Not used in this book is the extent of reaction, defined as the number of moles consumed or formed, divided by the stoichiometric coefficient of the respective participant. 

Figure 5.10 Cumulative yield of liquid products obtained from thermal and catalytic degradation of waste HOPE using spent FCC catalyst (solid line catalytic degradation dotted line thermal degradation, for reaction temperature circles 430°C squares 400°C)...

Figure 21.5 Cumulative yield of condensable products for the microwave pyrolysis of HOPE pellets pyrolysis at (A) 500°C and (B) 600°C [85]. (Reproduced by permission of the American Chemical Society)...

BRn3, = the cumulative yield branching ratio for thermal fission of leading to Xe = 0.067 = barometric pumping factor ratio = 1. 

The cumulated yield can be high or low, according to the structure of the allylic system. Substituents in the y-position considerably decrease the reactivity. In the y-disubstituted substrates, the regioselectivity favors the 8 2 product, whereas for the a-disubstituted substrates, the 8 2 product is predominant. Tertiary allylic sulfones are particularly reactive and give only 8 2 product. The same results are observed either in the presence of Cul or CuBr, rather than Cu(acac)2. 

It follows that a key property is the stability of the catalyst. Figure 3.4 shows the cumulative yields in two sets of five successive measurements using a single catalyst sample, with fresh substrate and aqueous H2O2 added before each run. Two alcohols, MeOH and f-BuOH, were used as solvents and 2-fluoropyridine as an added axial ligand. The linearity of the data indicates the lack of deactivation. 

Table VL Comparison of Cumulative Yields and Productivities for Cycle Testing Using a Commercial Feed Blend.

The total weight of the resulting sample was significantly increased compared to the starting weight of the metal catalyst, i.e. 17 g of carbon nanofibers were obtained from 0.04 g of the metal catalyst. The cumulated yield of the carbon nanofibers at 650 °C and... 

A study of the cumulative yields of volatile products at various temperatures showed that, after pyrolysis for 18 hours at 156 and 188°, although water was the main product from the starches, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were also formed. Limited, pyrolytic degradation must, therefore, have occurred at these temperatures. There was a large increase in all three products at 218.6°, indicating that major decomposition occurs near this temperature. In contrast, cellulose did not form comparable quantities of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide until temperatures of 260-270° were reached. 

The (cumulative) yield ratio fro of two products P and Q is defined as the ratio of the yields of P and Q. At constant fluid density ... 

The objective of the optimization problem is to maximize the cumulative yield of the product for a fixed lifetime of the catalyst. The control variables are in general the inlet feed temperature u(t) and the initial catalyst distribution activity W(z ). The state vectors are x, p (see Appendices C, D). 

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