Drive processes

The discrepancy arises because ATP is used to drive processes which are not directly related to growth, eg membrane transport processes, protein turnover. These are called the maintenance and dissipation demands for ATP. 

Results described in the literature have resulted in several patents, such as one for the improvement of the transport of viscous crude oil by microemulsions based on ether carboxylates [195], or combination with ether sulfate and nonionics [196], or several anionics, amphoterics, and nonionics [197] increased oil recovery with ether carboxylates and ethersulfonates [198] increased inversion temperature of the emulsion above the reservoir temperature by ether carboxylates [199], or systems based on ether carboxylate and sulfonate [200] or polyglucosylsorbitol fatty acid ester [201] and eventually cosolvents which are not susceptible for temperature changes. Ether carboxylates also show an improvement when used in a C02 drive process [202] or at recovery by steam flooding [203]. 

Soil-inflnencing equipment installed by a driving process, eliminating site drilling, and minimizing atmospheric releases by dnst or aerosol... 

Capener et al, "Driving Processes of Finite-Amplitude Axial-Mode Instability in Solid Propellant Rockets , AIAA, 5, p 938(May 1967) L) H. Krier et al, "Nonsteady Burning Phenomena of Solid Propellants Theory and Experiments AIAA 6, 278(1968)... 

Some fraction of the energy and material needed to drive processes and make products will always be degraded to waste that will have to be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner, such as incineration or some version of the solidification/fixation process. 

In the chemical plant, the transformation of the feed streams (e.g., raw materials) into desired products and possible by-products takes place. In the heat recovery system, the hot and cold process streams of the chemical plant exchange heat so as to reduce the hot and cold utility requirements. In the utility plant, the required utilities (e.g., electricity and power to drive process units) are provided to the chemical plant while hot utilities e.g., steam at different pressure levels) are provided to the heat recovery system. Figure 7.1 shows the interactions among the three main components which are the hot and cold process streams for (i) and (ii), the electricity and power demands for (i) and (iii), and the hot utilities e.g., fuel, steam at different pressure levels, hot water) and cold utilities e.g., cooling water, refrigerants) for (ii) and (iii). 

A correlation between the total momentum of impinging ions per deposited boron atom and the c-BN deposition has been observed. In this model, c-BN formation is correlated with the momentum-drive process, such as the formation of point defects in conjunction with the stress-induced phase transformation. 

One of two ways in which exergy analysis assists is by pinpointing and quantifying both the annihilations ("consumptions") of exergy, used to drive processes, and the effluent losses of exergy. These are the true inefficiencies, and therefore they point the way to improvement of a system, and they stimulate creativity, leading to entirely new concepts—new technology. 

All the above examples, from the Drosophila rDNA to human repeated sequences, indicate the extent to which a proper detailed analysis of variant repeat distributions that are either in states of transition or are permanently restricted yield important information on the rates, biases, and constraints of the underlying molecular mechanisms, the extent to which they are involved with the activities of one another, and the subtleties of the molecular drive process that underpin concerted evolution. They should discourage both the simplistic view of concerted evolution as an all-or-nothing phenomenon and the naive generalization that the dynamics of genomic turnover operate in the same way, in all species, for all time.13,14... 

A. Fried, The Foam-Drive Process for Increasing the Recovery of Oil, R15866 USWM,... 

When comparing the gas-drive processes GDS and GDW the presence of surfactant in the displaced liquid has a great effect on the displacement mechanisms and flow patterns. Figure 9 shows schematically the final extent of sweep for gas-drive of brine without surfactant (Frame a) and with surfactant (Frame b). In each case the gas appears to have preferentially flowed through a few large channels that zig-zag across the raicromodel however, in... 

Fried, A. N., The Foam Drive Process for Increasing the Recovery of Oil, U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigation 55dff, bept. of the Interior, Washington, DC, 1961. 

In-process controls (IPCs) are used to confirm that the processing of an intermediate or final product has been completed as expected. If analysis shows that processing is not suitably complete, actions are taken to drive processing to the desired end point before processing is continued to the next step. IPCs ensure that material of suitable quality is prepared efficiently, thus reaching expected outputs by the timeline. Reliable IPCs ensure high productivity. Without IPCs, one can only hope to meet development and production goals. 

The two main thermal recovery processes are steam injection and in situ combustion. In the steam injection process, steam of 80% quality is injected into the reservoir to displace oil. The steam can be injected continuously (called steam drive ) or intermittently (called cyclic steam injection ). In the steam drive process, steam is injected in several injection wells and the oil is produced in several production well. In cyclic injection process, steam is injected in several (previously producing) wells for 2-6 weeks, soaked for 3-7 days, and produced back for a few weeks or months. This cycle can be repeated several times. Often, the steam flood is preceded by cyclic injection. Steam injection has been used commercially for several decades. In fire flooding or in situ combustion process, air is injected and ignited inside the reservoir. A combustion front... 

Process safety management is the primary requirement that drives process plants and refineries to establish quality control programs for incoming materials and spare parts. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 has defined regulations for process safety critical equipment and systems that include such requirements. Other reasons for quality control programs may be equally important, for example when failure has a significant impact on capability to make product or leads to excessive maintenance costs. 

Foam has been used in field applications involving both cyclic and steam-drive processes. Many of the steam-foam tests have been performed in Kern County, California, where most of the U.S. heavy oil is produced. In many situations, foam has successfully increased both volumetric sweep efficiency and oil recovery rates (34). Generally, the application of foam has been considered to be a technical success but economically suspect. 

Vaziri (54) extended the Risnes model (53) by incorporating several features important to solution gas drive processes. Dissolved gas can come out of solution as the reservoir pressure is depleted below the oil bubble point/ Solution gas drive refers to oil production resulting from expansion of the gas phase. Vaziri assumed that liquid and gas form a single phase completely filling the pore space. Mechanical properties of the fluid (e.g., compressibility) vary with proportion of the gas phase and can be determined by application of Boyle s and Henry s laws. An expression for a fluid compressibility capacity, termed fluid flexibility, of the following form is used ... 

A concept was proposed exploiting very heavy oil fields in the north-east of China by the use of process steam from an HTGR [22]. This oil with an estimated total amount of 90 million tons is buried in a depth of 1500 - 1700 m. By means of injection of 370 - 390 °C steam, the very heavy oil resources are heated up for easier recovery. The consumption of steam is approx. 3 - 5 t per ton of oil delivered. The energy input is estimated to be 30 - 50 % of that contained in the produced oil. Estimated oil production rate is 1.5-2 million t yr. Design data for the oil production by steam injection are for the steam-soak process a pressure of 16 MPa and a temperature of 370 °C, and for the steam-drive process a pressure of 10 MPa and a temperature of 350 °C. 

Iroes, J.A., Schwass, N., 1955, Scaled experiment and the theories on water drive process. Petroleum Technology, J., No. 3. 

Borazine-based Si/B/N/C polymers have been obtained by polycondensing H3N3B3(Cl)2Si(SiMe3)3 with hexamethyldisilazane [88]. Here once again silazane cleavage, forming the volatile chlorotrimethylsilane as a byproduct, is the driving process. 

Reactions of carbon in alkali metals with carbide forming metallic elements are the driving processes of the carburization of stainless steels. The direction of the carbon exchange between the molten metals and the solid metallic materials depends on the carbon potential in the liquid metals and on the free energy of formation of the metal carbides and the chemical activity of the metallic element in the solid phase. 

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