Process equipment operating parameters

All chemical industry managers and process equipment operating personnel must know their plant/facility. There is no excuse for not knowing every square inch of the plant site. In particular, plant workers should know about any and all construction activities under way on the site, the actual construction parameters of the plant, and especially the operation of all plant unit processes. In addition, plant management must know not only their operating staff but also their customers. 

The furnaces obviously constitute the essential equipment of die hot section of the steam-cracking process, and they condition the satisfactory running of the overall installation. However, their optimal operating conditions and the netibility of the process to operating parameters can often only be evaluated on the ccmpletion of full-scale experiments on a pilot furnace. 

Can in-process changes to equipment operating parameters be made ... 

Scale-up data of conventional SBDs are well known, but the relations cannot be applied to MSB dryers with inert packing due to different hydro-dynamical and drying characteristics. Therefore, the drying mechanism itself, effects of various process and operational parameters, and the relevant relationship had to be investigated in more detail. Important dimensions as well as geometric, physical, and hydro-dynamical characteristics of equipment and of the particles forming the spouted bed are summarized in Table 15.3 [18-20]. 

The assessor should also find out whether an effective testing program is in place to help ensure the serviceability of process measurement equipment. The successful toller should have an established calibration program to address the accuracy of critical measurement equipment. Safety critical process parameters should be monitored and critical process equipment should automatically interlock when monitoring instrumentation detects safety critical deviations. Interlocks should either facilitate a remedy to the critical deviation or bring the process to the zero energy state. These instruments and interlocking devices should be routinely tested to ensure operational reliability. 

The Bioreactor is the major equipment used in biochemical processes. It differs totally from a simple chemical reaction vessel. To control physical operating parameters and microbial environmental conditions, there are several influential variables ... 

General Considerations. Continuous mass processes for polystyrene have been in commercial use since the 1930 s, and for rubber-modified polystyrene (HIPS) since the 1950 s. Much of the information on equipment design, process configuration and operating parameters connected with continuous processes is found in the patent literature. There are inherent limitations to such sources. Recognizing this, we will provide... 

The Process Inherent Safety Index expresses the inherent safety of the process itself including the equipment and operating parameters. The Index has been divided into subindices for inventory, temperature, pressure, equipment safety and safe process structure. 

Chemical facilities have to be operated safely during normal operation as well as during deviations from the specified process and equipment parameters. Chemical reactions that go to completion can only become a hazard for humans and the environment when process pressures or temperatures rise beyond the equipment design parameters of a facility e.g., as result of a runaway reaction. For example unacceptable pressure increases can develop as a result of exothermic processes with inadequate heat sinks or reactions that produce gaseous products (e.g., decompositions). 

Because these systems can monitor multiple processes, equipment, and infrastructure and then provide quick notification of, or response to, problems or upsets, SCADA systems typically provide the first line of detection for atypical or abnormal conditions. For example, a SCADA system that is connected to sensors that measure specific water quality parameters shows measurements outside of a specific range. A real-time customized operator interface screen could display and control critical systems monitoring parameters. 

Materials, processes, and control parameters for drug production are stated in written documents. Production personnel follow procedures and record materials used, amounts weighed, and date of operation. Equipment, reaction vessels, and the production area are cleaned and their status recorded in logbooks. Throughout the production stages, equipment conditions (e.g., pH, pressure, stirring speed, and temperature) are also recorded. Adjustments to in-process control parameters, if permitted, are entered onto batch records. 

Whereas the microprocessor controls an individual basic operation, the central computer, which has all the analytical procedures held in its memory, controls the particular analytical procedure required. At the appropriate time, the central computer transmits the relevant set of parameters to the corresponding units and provides the schedule for the sample-transport operation. All units are monitored to ensure proper functioning. If one of the units signals an error, a predetermined action, such as disposing of the sample, is taken. The basic results from the units are transferred to the central computer, the final results are calculated, and the report is passed to the output terminal. These results can also be transmitted to other data processing equipment for administrative or management purposes. The central control is, therefore, the leading element in a hierarchy of... 

Finally a 200 B/D 80 tall demonstration unit was used for studying operating parameters, equipment, process variations, and finally catalysts, catalyst treatments, and varying feedstocks. Much of the 200 B/D work has been described in published reports.(8-10) In brief, satisfactory runs with excellent yields and good conversion were made on catalysts containing as much as 12,300 ppm of nickel plus vanadium.(A)... 

---