Process equipment classification

The compressor or blower installation in a typical refinery or chemical process unit is not out-of-doors completely. Some form of shelter often is provided, ranging from only a roof to a completely closed building. When process equipment such as a centrifugal gas compressor, which is not hazardous in normal operation, is present in the shelter, the hazard classification depends on the extent to that which the shelter restricts ventilation. The extent of the shelter provided determines the area classification and the type of motor enclosure that should be applied. 

CCPS, 1989b, Process Equipment Reliability Data (Table 4.1-1) is a compilation of chemical and nuclear data. It assesses failure rates for 75 types of chemical process equipment. A taxonomic classification is established and data such as the mean, median, upper and lower (95% and 5%) values, source of information, failure by time and failure by demands are presented. 

E Ruckenstein, V Lesins. Classification of liquid chromatographic methods based on the interaction forces The niche of potential barrier chromatography. In A Mizrahi, ed. Advances in Biotechnological Processes, Vol 8 Downstream Processes Equipment and Techniques. New York Alan R. Liss, 1988, pp 241-314. 

Where there is exposure from surrounding flammable or combustible process equipment, external fire protection of the enclosure may be needed, based on the importance or value of the protected equipment or instruments. In addition, the interior of the enclosure may require electrical classification, unless the enclosure is purged or pressurized as described in NFPA 496. 

Classification of Estimates There are two broad classes of estimates grass roots and battery limits. Grass-roots estimates include the entire facility, starting with site preparation, buildings and structures, processing equipment, utilities, services, storage facilities, raihoad yards, docks, and plant roads. A battery-limits estimate is one in which an imaginary boundary is drawn around the proposed facihty to be estimated. It is assumed that all materials, utilities, and services are available in the quality and quantity required to manufacture a product. Only costs within the boundary are estimated. 

The intent of the mechanical integrity section of the OSHA Process Safety Law is to prevent or reduce catastrophic releases. [1] An equipment classification system is a requirement of the law. Earlier in the chapter, a simple system involving three classes was previously defined. Here are the highlights of that section specifically for pressure vessels and storage tanks. 

It is common for industrial pumping and processing equipment to use shear rates that fall in the intermediate shear regime from about 10 to 1000 s 1 as illustrated in Table I. A convenient way to summarize the flow properties of fluids is by plotting flow curves of shear stress versus shear rate (r vs 7). These curves can be categorized into several rheological classifications (Figure 3). Suspensions are frequently pseudoplastic as shear rate increases viscosity decreases. This is also termed... 

Application of Types of Motors and Typical Costs. A classification of types of motors applicable to specific processing equipment has been prepared by Kropf in Fig. 4-5 with costs of motors given in Table 6-2 and Fig. 6-22. 

This classification is only qualitative and rigid health physics monitor- ing must always be carried on after radioactive material first enters the process equipment. The unique features of plant designs for such conditions will be discussed next. 

On-line instrumentation in coal preparation plants can be classified into two broad categories, instruments that monitor a process or material parameter and instruments that monitor process equipment status. Liquid level and pressure gauges which monitor sump levels and pump outlet pressure are examples of instruments in the latter classification and will not be discussed in this report. 

Information about process equipment including materials of construction, electrical classification, relief systems, HVAC, design codes and standards, material and energy balances, safety systems, and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P lDs) must also be identified and assembled. 

Tables 9.9((a) through (c)), which follow, sununarize Chlorine Institute recommendations. They are taken from Tables 4-1 through 4—7 of Pamphlet 6. Certain threaded valves are permitted in small sizes. Except for connections to transport equipment, instruments, and special process equipment, flanged valves are preferred in piping classes II, III, V, and VI. In the tables, S denotes satisfactory service, NR denotes not recommended, and a dash denotes the lack of sufficient experience to support classification (as of December 1998).

Finally, the chapter proceeds to discuss how the various aspects of the design are substantiated by first establishing safety demands on SSCs by the process of classification, then demonstrating the appropriate use of industry best practice including code compliance and finally equipment and process qualification... 

Vendor Information - The vendor information database and equipment classification system was created by the University of Wisconsin-Solid and Hazardous Waste Education Center with funding from the Great Lakes Protection Fund. The Development of VENDINFO has been supported by the Solid and Hazardous Waste Education Center and the U.S. EPA. The vendor information can be searched directly using equipment or process classification terms. 

In addition to battery limits investment, off-site investment is required. This includes all structures, equipment, and services that do not enter directly into the chemical process. Within this broad category there are two major classifications, namely, utilities and service facilities. 

A method that would enable detection and classification of the bone content in 100% of the incoming frozen fish blocks in real time without delaying the production line was desired. An obvious solution to this was the use of X-ray inspection. X-ray inspection however requires the integration of a highly sensitive inspection equipment with the corrosive atmosphere associated with food processing as well as the tough restrictions imposed by the health authorities regarding irradiation of food. 

Fine grinding and air classification make possible the production of some cake flour from hard wheat and some bread flour or high-protein fractions from soft wheat. AppHcation of the process theoretically frees the miller from dependence on different wheats, either hard or soft, that change each crop year. The problem is how to market the larger volume of low protein or starch fractions at prices adequate to justify the installation and operation of the special equipment (46). 

Sizing of the cmshed and ground product is a necessary step prior to any mineral processing operation, and in the production of a product having a specific size. Controlling the size of material fed to other equipment is important. AH equipment has an optimum size range of material that it can handle most efficiently. Size separation can be achieved either by screening (for coarser particles) or by classification (for fines) (see also Separation, size). 

Additional operations essential to commercial bauxite processing are steam and power generation, heat recovery to minimise energy consumption, process liquor evaporation to maintain a water balance, impurity removal from process liquor streams, classification and washing of ttihydrate, lime caustication of sodium carbonate [497-19-8] to sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2] repair and maintenance of equipment, rehabiUtation of mine and residue disposal sites, and quaUty and process control. Each operation in the process can be carried out in a variety of ways depending upon bauxite properties and optimum economic tradeoffs. 

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