On-line instrument

The intention of this work was not to consider whether the specific experimental system used here would be applicable to an actual industrial setting. Rather, the work has set the stage to move beyond the question of whether the technique can be applied, but when. The barriers to its implementation are two-fold. Firstly, the specific technology must be developed for a particular process line. Secondly, the cost of the MRI is prohibitive, although with the use of electromagnets and permanent magnets for MRI, this is becoming less of a factor. Furthermore, when compared with other on-line instruments that promise far less in terms of... 

This process has a classical on-line instrumentation gathering measurements of liquid flow rates (at the input of the reactor and in the recirculation loop), temperature and pH in the reactor and biogas flow rate and composition i.e., CO2, CH4 and H2 content in the biogas) [30]. In addition, the following sensors were installed over the years a TOC analyzer, a titrimetric sensor [3] and a FT-IR spectrometer [29]. Since 1998, this instrumentation provides us with the following on-line measurements in the liquid phase every... 

Fig. 8. Schematic view of the INRA anaerobic digestion process and the associated on-line instrumentation...

A system which has been used successfully by a number of groups for some years is put together by On Line Instrument Systems, Jefferson, Gerogia 30549, USA. 

Stokes, L. "An Economical and Practical Evaluation of an On-Line Instrument for controlling Protein in Soybean Meal", American Association of Cereal Chemists 64th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, Oct. 1979 Paper 145. 

I. E. Tothill (Ed.), Rapid and On-Line Instrumentation for Food Quality Assurance, Woodhead Publishing Limited/CRC Press, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 55-74. 

The differences between laboratory and on-line instruments are huge to the point where often one does not see that they are related. What are some of the commonalities and differences between an on-line analyzer and a laboratory piece of equipment Usually the name is the same. The laboratory is a temperature-controlled, reasonably safe environment with instrumentation operated by trained chemists. In contrast, the process is frequently outdoors so temperature control is what Mother Nature gives you. Many processes also... 

Process monitoring, with on-line instruments that operate autonomously for extended periods of time, presents significant challenges and opportunities. The requirements for monitors will vary with the application they support. Where the monitor is set up to support a particular separation process, the analytical objectives may be to determine a single species. The technetium monitor described above, designed to support a technetium removal process, is such an example. On the other hand, some processes may seek to determine multiple actinides in a process stream. These actinides could be a selected group of the transuranic (TRU) elements, or the multiple isotopes of a particular actinide like plutonium. 

The most useful on-line instruments would be those capable of measuring the latex properties given in Eqs, (56-60), the free soap concentration and some molecular weight characteristics. In this section we will not attempt on exhanstive survey, but will only concentrate on a few of the more rugged and more promising on-line measurements that have been used. 

A number of fairly rugged on-line instruments are available to follow the emulsion density variations. Examples include nuclear instruments and instruments based on mechanical oscillator techniques (Kratky et aL, 1973). By utilizing the density difference between the unreacted monomer and the putymer (providing a reasonable difference exists) the reactor conversion can then be calculated via... 

The content of the volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the exhaust from the gas tutbine was measured with an on-line instrument at different occasions. The instrument used was a Bernard Atomic 3005 with a detection limit equal to one ppm propane. Despite the high content of the aromatics and PAHs in the fiicl gas (6500-10000 and 1000-4000 mg/Nm, respectively) the emission of VOC from the plant was below the detection limit for the analysis mstmment. 

Three factors are important in the development and implementation of successful control strategies for copolymerization reactors the availability of kinetic models which adequately describe the rate of polymerization and the properties of the resulting polymer as functions of the process variables, the availability of on-line instrumentation which enables rapid characterization of the copolymer throughout the reaction, and the availability of process data which allow for the constraints of the process to be built into the control strategy. This paper discusses the limitations of reported control strategies for copolymerization reactors from the viewpoint of the state-of-the-art of kinetic modeling and copolymer characterization. The critical stages in this process where considerable research effort is required are emphasized. 

The problem of copolymer characterization becomes more acute when on-line process measurements are required. Most of the process instrumentation available yields measurements which are functions of the molecular weight, copolymer composition and, in some cases, of the microstructure of the polymer molecules. Such is the case for on-line viscosimeters, densitometers, torque meters etc. Clearly, the development of copolymer characterization techniques in general and on-line instrumentation in particular requires extensive development. 

The on-line instruments were evaluated on an individnal basis versus standard laboratoiy methods for the given parameters. 

High-throughput preparative HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (Chapter 17), which disposes upon a signal for collecting detected compounds of the defined molecular mass, is one of the highly promising new developments in this area. Such systems can be incorporated for synthesis purposes into the periphery of automated multicomponent systems, thus making a valuable contribution to the rationalization and quality enhancement of combinatorial synthesis processes. The combination of automated synthesis, purification and on-line instrumental identification (NMR, IR, MS) will become feasible in the near future, and as a matter of routine operation. Analytic methods of structure elucidation will then also be able to be combined with automated combinatorial chemistry. 

A technique of special interest to the pharmaceutical and other industries is FBRM. It is an on-line instrument that can give information on parameters such as particle size , surface area, filtration rate and flocculationSi- It is used in crystallisation, filtration and drying applications. It works by scanning a laser beam in a circular motion over a surface at high speed. Light is back scattered by the particles and picked up by a detector. The duration of time that it takes for the backscattered light to return to the detector is called chord... 

On-Line Instrumentatlon-General Considerations. Rapid response time and the ability to sample large quantities of material constitute the principal design criteria for on-line instruments in the coal preparation industry. Other important factors include cost, reliability, and maintainability however these are common to on-line instrumentation in any industry. 

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