PRINCIPAL AREAS OF RESEARCH

Given stringent requirements for effective sensitizers and the desire to use wavelengths further to the red for therapeutic appHcations, definition of newer sensitizers has been a principal area of research since about 1987. Expanded theoretical and experimental understanding of photophysics has been a key element in identifying new classes of potential sensitizers (93—98). Research has focused on cationic derivatives of Nile Blue (93), metaHo-phthalocyanines (94), naphthalocyanines (95), chlorin-type compounds (96), expanded ring porphyrinoids (97), as well as porphyrins other than hematoporphyrin and its derivatives (98). This work has also been reviewed (10,91). Instmmentation for photodynamic therapy has been reviewed (99). 

The main objectives of the key action on nuclear fission (total budget of EURO 191 million) are to enhance the safety of Europe s nuclear installations and improve the competitiveness of Europe s industry. Within these broader objectives, the more detailed aims are to protect workers and the public from radiation and ensure safe and effective management and final disposal of radioactive waste, to explore more innovative concepts that are sustainable and have potential longer term economic, safety, health and environmental benefits and to contribute towards maintaining a high level of expertise and competence on nuclear technology and safety. It covers four principal areas of research ... 

The principal problems for sdicone mbber as a viable lens material are the nonpolar nature, which gives Hpid deposits and wettabdity problems and the tendency to adhere to the cornea. Efforts to modify the sdicone lens surface for improved wettabdity have achieved limited success. These efforts include grafting hydrophilic monomers, such as HEMA, GM (150), and NVP (151—153), to the lens surface and plasma treatments of finished lenses. Efforts to improve the movement of sdicone lenses on the cornea with various lens designs have not been successfld, and the cause of lens—cornea adherence, which is not an exclusive problem of sdicone lenses, is an active area of research. 

The primary focus of ongoing research is to improve the performance of the cell and lower its cost. The principal areas of development are improving cell membranes, handling the CO in the fuel stream, and refining electrode design. There has been an effort to incorporate system requirements into the fuel cell stack in order to simplify the overall system. This work has included a move toward operation with zero humidification at ambient pressure and direct fuel use. 

Cyclodextrins have a large range of industrial applications. The market for them is growing as a consequence of their unique inclusion properties and decomplexation kinetics in conjunction with their stability, non-toxicity and relative cheapness. Cyclodextrins are the main active ingredient in Procter and Gamble s deodorising product Febreze, for example, where their complexation ability binds molecules responsible for household odours. The principal areas of interest are summarised in Figure 6.26. Some 1,649 research papers were published with the word cyclodextrin in the title in 2006 alone. 

Over the last 30 years the study of the stable isotope composition of carbonates has been one of the more active areas of research in carbonate geochemistry. These studies have particular application to later discussion of carbonate diagenesis and historical geochemistry of carbonate rocks. Many of the same considerations involved in understanding elemental distribution coefficients apply to the fractionation of stable isotopes. Consequently, we have included a discussion of the chemical principals associated with isotope behavior in this chapter. Only a relatively brief summary of these basic chemical considerations will be presented here, because recent books and extensive reviews are available on this topic (e.g., Arthur et al., 1983 Hoefs, 1987). Also, our discussion will be restricted to carbon and oxygen isotopes, because these isotopes are by far the most important for the study of carbonate geochemistry. The principles, however, apply to other stable isotopes (e.g., sulfur). 

Kokorin, Alexander I, was bom in 1947. Was graduated as a biophysicist in 1970 Ph.D. (Candidate of Sciences) in 1974 D.Sc. degree (Doctor of Sciences) in physical chemistry - in 1992. At present Principal Researcher and Deputy Head of the Division of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Area of research interests chemical methods of solar energy conversion chemical physics of organized molecular systems, including nanosized oxide semiconductors doped with transition metal ions, and polymer-metal complexes the study of their structure, absorptive, catalytic, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties. EPR spectroscopy and spin-spin interaction between paramagnetics. He is the author and co-author of more than 170 publications, including two books and several reviews and book chapters. 

Undoubtedly more effective conjugate-gradient techniques would be of most use in quantum chemistry, perhaps some methods tailored to suit particular functional forms common in the field, but this area of research seems unlikely to be developed further by workers principally interested in optimization and is perhaps a suitable field of endeavour for quantum chemists. 

One of the major areas of research interest in wine strains of S. cerevisiae is the analysis of response to stress. This focus is motivated by both practical and fimdamental interests. The production of wine imposes both biotic and abiotic stresses on the yeast. The principal stresses encountered are high osmolarity, high ethanol, extremes of temperature, nutrient limitation, and presence of inhibitory metabolites (Bisson, 1999). Genomic analysis of the response to each of these types of stress has been conducted (Alexandre et al., 2001 Aranda and del Olmo, 2004 Backhus et al., 2001 Erasmus et al., 2003 Kuhn et al., 2001 Marks et al., 2003 Rep et al., 2000 Rossignol et al., 2006 Sahara et al., 2002). Several... 

One of the most active areas of research in the statistical mechanics of interfacial systems in recent years has been the problem of freezing. The principal source of progress in this field has been the application of the classical density-functional theories (for a review of the fundamentals in these methods, see, for example, Evans ). For atomic fluids, such apphcations were pioneered by Ramakrishnan and Yussouff and subsequently by Haymet and Oxtoby and others (see, for example, Baret et al. ). Of course, such theories can also be applied to the vapor-liquid interface as well as to problems such as phase transitions in liquid crystals. Density-functional theories for these latter systems have not so far involved use of interaction site models for the intermolecular forces. 

Due to the abundance and the nature of the primary compounds involved in these reactions, Cl chemistry has become a major area of research interest. CH4 (main component of natural gas) may be considered as a raw material for the next decades to produce various organic intermediates (chemicals, liquid fuels), as well as a principal source of energy. CO2 is the largest by-product emitted to the atmosphere and partially responsible for the green house effect. For this latter reason, its reutilisation is strongly desirable. CH3OH is a synthetic compound that allows numerous chemical transformations of great interest in the production of intermediates for the chemicals industry. Also CO (or CO + H2 mixture, usually called synthesis... 

These tools and instruments will have to function effectively in an increasingly complex research arena that involves measurements of vanishingly small quantities of substances in the presence of contamination from other chemicals, under circumstances that make sample acquisition difficult. They will have to address three principal areas of measurement ... 

Professor Rabitz s research interests lie at the interface of chemistry, physics and engineering, with principal areas of focus including molecular dynamics, biophysical chemistry, chemical kinetics and optical interactions with matter. An overriding theme throughout his research is the emphasis on molecular scale systems analysis. Professor Rabitz has over 635 publications in the general area of chemical physics. He has been pursuing research in the control of quantum systems since 1986. 

The first condition means that in principal, the constraint imposed for equidistant sampled data by the sampling theorem can be circumvented. Thus spectral content of velocity fluctuations can be estimated beyond half of the mean data rate, however this is generally achieved at the expense of estimator variability. There exists a large body of literature on the estimation of spectra from randomly sampled velocity data, such as with LDA, and this remains an active area of research (Adrian and Yao 1987, Gaster and Roberts 1977, Roberts and Ajmani 1986, Nobach et al. 1996). One aspect of these developments which is of particular interest when measuring in two-phase flows, is that of signal reconstruction, i.e. the estimation of fluid velocity between particles (Muller et al. 1994 a) b), Veynante and Candel 1988). In this way the velocity of the continuous phase can be approximated at the instance when the dispersed phase is measured and can thus lead to improved estimators of the slip velocity (Prevost et al. 1996). 

Photocatalysis is a quickly evolving area of research. A principal interest in photocatalytic processes hes in the possibUity to initiate chemical reactions, which... 

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