Preschoolers prevalence

Reviews on the occurrence, biochemical basis, and treatment of lead toxicity in children (11) and workers (3,12,13) have been pubhshed. Approximately 17% of all preschool children in the United States have blood lead levels >10 //g/dL. In inner city, low income minority children the prevalence of blood lead levels >10 //g/dL is 68%. It has been estimated that over two million American workers are at risk of exposure to lead as a result of their work. PubHc health surveillance data document that each year thousands of American workers occupationally exposed to lead develop signs and symptoms indicative of... 

Lavigne, J.V., Gibbons, R.D., Christoffel, K.K., Arend, R., Rosenbaum, D., Binns, H., et al. (1996) Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 204-214. 

Table 2.2 WHO Classification of Xerophthalmia Classification Code Clinical Description Prevalence among Preschool Children to Indicate Significant Public Health Problems...

The prevalence of UTIs varies with age and gender. In newborns and infants up to 6 months of age, the prevalence of bacteriuria is about 1 % and is more common in boys. Most of these infections are associated with structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract and have been correlated with the lack of circumcision. Between the ages of 1 and 5 years, UTIs occur more frequently in females. The prevalence of bacteriuria in females and males of this age group is 4.5% and 0.5%, respectively. Infections occurring in preschool boys usually are associated with congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract. These infections are difficult to recognize because of the age of the patient, but they often are symptomatic. In addition, it is believed that the majority of renal damage associated with UTI develops at this age. ... 

Ogden CL, Troiano RP, Brief el RR, et al. Prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the United States, 1971 through 1994. Pediatrics 1997 99 E1. 

The transmission route vary according to the endemicity rates. In areas of high endemicity, the most common route of transmission is perinatal or the infection is acquired horizontally during the preschool years. Lin et al. (2(X)3) demonstrated that the prevalence of HBeAg is higher in Asian than in African HBsAg carrier mothers (40% versus 15%), so perinatal transmission is greater in Asians, but mainly horizontal in Africans. In areas of intermediate endemicity, transmission is either perinatal or horizontal as also mentioned by Mele et al. (2001). 

National snrveys also indicate that the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased even among preschool children less than 5 years of age. The problem is especially acnte among minority preschoolers, with the highest prevalence rates among Mexican-American children, intermediate rates among non-Hispanic black children, and lowest rates in non-Hispanic white children. Obesity has also increased among low-income preschool children. 

The estimate of the current worldwide iodine deficiency situation is based primarily on UI data. However, TGP is also included in order to compare prevalence figures to previous estimates. The most recent estimates for both indicators utilized several types of data in the time frame of 1993—2003, but prioritized recent data (1998—2003). Thus, data were selected as follows recent national surveys (1998—2003) recent subnational data (1998—2003) older national surveys (1993—1997) and older subnational data (1993—1997). When subnational data were utilized, surveys within the time frame were combined and weighted by the sample size of each survey. Data for school-age children were prioritized. In the absence of data for this group, data from the next closest population groups were utilized as follows children closest to school-age adults the general population preschool-age children and other population groups. The estimates utilized 2002 UN population estimates to determine the number of individuals affected (United Nations Population Division, 2003). 

In Mexico, Villalpando et al. (2003) mentioned that information from the 1999 Mexican National Nutrition Survey showed that iodine deficiency prevalence was negligible in both women and children. They also emphasized that abnormal distribution results were so scattered that no observation could be made regarding geographical distribution. On the contrary, in the same survey, ID in preschoolers between 12 and 24 months was as high as 67%, 50% of which were anemia related, whereas in schoolchildren it was around 35%. 

During 1982—1986 a very high prevalence rate (51%) of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) was found among preschool age children of the country. Nearly all of the resources had been allocated to reduce the prevalence of PEM. Therefore, the IDD alleviation project was not adequately looked after (Department of Health, 1992). 

Kuskowska-Wolk A, Bergstrom R. Trends in body mass index and prevalence of obesity in Swedish men 1980-89. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health. 1993 47 103-108. Ogden CL, Troiano RP, Briefel RR, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL. Prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the United States, 1971 through 1994. Pediatrics 1997 99 1-7. 

The best documented data on the prevalence and incidence of xerophthalmia in east Asia comes from Indonesia. A major nationwide cross-sectional ocular survey of 36,000 preschool-aged children living in 250 sample sites was conducted in the late 1970s (Sommer, 1982a). In addition, a longitudinal study of approximately 5000 rural preschool children examined every 3-4 months for 2 years was carried out. The risk of developing corneal xerophthalmia before age 5 was 2% and of noncomeal involvement was 52% (WHO, 1982). For the entire... 

There is an indisputable relationship between the occurrence of infectious disease and xerophthalmia. This was recognized in the first global survey conducted in 1964 and is illustrated in Table XIV taken from that publication (Oomen et aL, 1964) that shows the prevalence of xerophthalmia in relation to admission diagnosis for nearly 5700 preschool-aged children in one Indonesian hospital in the late 1950s. Clearly gastroenteritis/diarrhea and infectious diseases are a frequent accompaniment of xerophthalmia in this country known to have marginal intakes of vitamin A. 

Many studies have shown that the highest prevalence of anemia is in infants and women of reproductive age. A high Prevaience is also found in preschool children and adolescents, particularly those from low-income families. 

On a worldwide basis, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is the most prevalent type of blindness. This condition is very common in some parts of the developing countries of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America where diets contain practically no vegetable or animal sources of vitamin A. Fetuses, infants, and preschool children are the most affected due to a high requirement for the vitamin during the development of the tissues of the eye. 

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