Endemic rate

The transmission route vary according to the endemicity rates. In areas of high endemicity, the most common route of transmission is perinatal or the infection is acquired horizontally during the preschool years. Lin et al. (2(X)3) demonstrated that the prevalence of HBeAg is higher in Asian than in African HBsAg carrier mothers (40% versus 15%), so perinatal transmission is greater in Asians, but mainly horizontal in Africans. In areas of intermediate endemicity, transmission is either perinatal or horizontal as also mentioned by Mele et al. (2001). 

Considering endemic rates and epidemic rates when analyzing data... 

It is also important to remember that surveillance of nosocomial infections measures the endemic rate of nosocomial infection. Less than 10% of all nosocomial infections occur in recognized outbreaks (17). This is important to remember when one attempts to devise a prevention and control strategy to reduce the infection rate. If an outbreak occurs in a hospital, it is often because of failure of one prevention strategy over a short period of time. Because surveillance is ongoing and measures the endemic rate, usually multiple problems must be addressed to lower a high rate of infection. 

The aerobic mineralization of a-hexachloro[aaaacc]cyclohexane by endemic bacteria in the soil is limited by the rate of its desorption and by intraparticle mass transfer (Rijnaarts... 

The mortality rate in pregnant women with acute infections may reach 25%. Rarely does HEV cause endemics in industrialized countries, where the prevalence rate is 1% to 5%.18,19... 

From the physiological point of view the development of excessive cancer rates and various endemic diseases in silicon biogeochemical sub-region and especially in... 

The hydrothermal-vent and cold-seep communities are dramatically different from the ecosystems typical of the abyssal plains. First, they are sites of high productivity supported by the abundant reduced chemicals in the hydrothermal fluids. Thus, these communities are independent of the skimpy flux of POM created in the surface waters that survives to settle on the seafloor. On the other hand, these communities have had to adapt to survival in hydrothermal systems that are ephemeral, disjunct, and characterized by extreme conditions, such as high temperatimes, high concentrations of reduced metals and sulfur, and low pH. As a result, vent communities have high rates of endemism. Of the 712 recorded vent species, 71% are found in no other setting ... 

In the treatment of S haematobium, an oral dose of 7.5-10 mg/kg is given three times at 14-day intervals. Cure rates on this schedule are 44-93%, with marked reductions in egg counts in those not cured. Metrifonate was also effective as a prophylactic agent when given monthly to children in a highly endemic area, and it has been used in mass treatment programs. In mixed infections with S haematobium and S mansoni, metrifonate has been successfully combined with oxamniquine. 

The praziquantel-based programmes were very successful. The Ministry of Health estimated that throughout Egypt there was a decrease in S. mansoni prevalence from 39% in 1983 (Scott, 1937 Cline et al., 1989) to 12% in 1 996 (El-Khoby et al., 1 998). At present, the situation is even better in some historically endemic villages where prevalence rates are below 4% (El-Khoby et al., 2000). It is certain that praziquantel has dramatically reduced the human, social and economic impact of schistosomiasis in Egypt and other countries. As a testament to the impact of the drug, it is the cornerstone of a US 30 million Schistosomiasis Control Initiative targeting schistosomiasis-associated morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa (www.schisto.org). 

Measles should be suspected in areas where it is endemic and childhood immunization rates are low signs of measles include fever, cough, mouth sores, and rash (Greenough, 2002). Children under 5 years of age who pass rice water stools with or without vomiting should raise the suspicion of cholera in epidemic areas (Greenough, 2002). Shigella is suspected in children with painful bloody stools and fever (Greenough, 2002). 

Trachoma can be effectively treated with a 4- to 6-week course of topical tetracycline ointment. Additionally, oral tetracycline 250 mg four times a day or doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 14 days is an effective option if not contraindicated. Alternatively, azithromycin in a single oral dose (20 mg/kg) was found to be equally effective in resolving active trachoma and offers the advantage of increased compliance. Reinfection rates are high, especially in endemic areas. In patients with severe conjunctival cicatrization, surgical intervention may be required to correct trichiasis and entropion and to prevent corneal scarring. 

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