Preschool

Reviews on the occurrence, biochemical basis, and treatment of lead toxicity in children (11) and workers (3,12,13) have been pubhshed. Approximately 17% of all preschool children in the United States have blood lead levels >10 //g/dL. In inner city, low income minority children the prevalence of blood lead levels >10 //g/dL is 68%. It has been estimated that over two million American workers are at risk of exposure to lead as a result of their work. PubHc health surveillance data document that each year thousands of American workers occupationally exposed to lead develop signs and symptoms indicative of... 

Garnishes also produce slight infusions, the basic twist being die best example. Dale DeGroff, in The Craft of the Cocktail, devotes more than a page to the technique of the basic citrus twist. I had a knife taken away from me at a party I gave recentiy by a guest who lost patience with my preschool efforts to carve a piece of lemon for his cocktail. People care. 

Guillette EA, Meza MM, Aquilar MG, et al. 1998. An anthropological approach to the evaluation of preschool children exposed to pesticides in Mexico. Environ Health Perspect 106 347-353. 

The treatment of bacterial infections of the central nervous system highlights a number of important therapeutic considerations. Bacterial meningitis is caused by a variety of bacteria although their incidence varies with age. In the neonate, E. coli and group B streptococci account for the majority of infections, while in the preschool child H. influenzae is the commonest pathogen. Neisseria meningitidis has a... 

The reviewers recommended that another study of a valid sample of the preschool population be conducted ... 

The sample size of preschool children was chosen so that specified differences in the percentages of preschool children having... 

Table I indicates the sample size and population estimates of preschoolers by study area and stratum. Though all strata for the Dixie site are shown, at the Dixie site the configuration and location of the major traffic artery in relation to the smelter site did not allow analysis of the contribution of vehicular traffic to soil lead. The contribution of the smelter to soil lead levels was possible at the RSR site and the reference site.

Table I. Sample Size and Population Estimates of Preschoolers by Study Area and Stratum ...

Table X shows the percent of preschoolers having various blood-lead levels at the three sites.

Table X. Percentage Distribution of Blood-Lead Levels In Preschool Children...

Background measurements, soil samples, 119-20 Blood-lead levels In preschool... 

The observations of fine motor problems in infants born to heroin addicts has also been described by Wilson et al., in 1973. She notes the discrepancy between the gross motor skills of the infants and fine motor abilities during the first year. Furthermore, in 1979, Wilson et al, described the development of preschool children between 3 and 6 years of age, born to heroin-addicted mothers. They performed poorer on measures of visual, tactile, and auditory perception, were more active, and had... 

Wilson, G.S. McCreary, R. Kean, J. and Baxter, J.C. The development of preschool children of heroin-addicted mothers A controlled study. Pediatrics 63 135-141, 1979. 

In chronic asthma, classification of asthma severity is based on daytime and nighttime symptoms, physical activity, lung function (PEF or FEVfi, PEF variability, and reliever medication use. Because lung function is difficult to measure in preschool children (children 5 years of age or younger), it cannot be used to classify disease severity in this age group. Chronic asthma is classified as mild intermittent asthma, or mild, moderate or severe persistent asthma (Table 11-1). 

Presence of middle ear effusion in the absence of symptoms is not an indicator of treatment failure. Children who complete therapy and are otherwise healthy should be reevaluated after 3 months for the presence of effusion that requires a hearing evaluation. Preschool-aged and younger children may need reexamination 3 to 6 weeks after therapy because speech and hearing impairment is more difficult to assess in this age group. 

Baer, R., Effects of caffeine on classroom behavior, sustained attention, and a memory task in preschool childern. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 20(3), 225-234, 1987. 

A mean Stanford-Binet IQ decrement of 5 points, fine motor dysfunction, and altered behavioral profiles were found in 70 preschool children exhibiting pica for paint and plaster and elevated PbB levels (>40 pg/dL, mean of 58 pg/dL), when compared with results for matched control subjects not engaged in... 

Bellinger DC, Sloman J, Leviton A, et al. 1991. Low-level lead exposure and children s cognitive function in the preschool years. Pediatrics 87 219-227. 

Deveaux P, Kibel MA, Dempster WS, et al. 1986. Blood lead levels in preschool children in Cape Town. S Afr Med J 29 421-424. 

Dietrich KN, Succop PA, Berger OG, et al. 1991. Lead exposure and the cognitive development of urban preschool children The Cincinnati cohort lead study at age 4 years. Neurotoxicol Teratol 13 203-211. 

Emhart CB, Green T. 1990. Low-level lead exposure in prenatal and early preschool periods ... 

Emhart CB, Morrow-Tlucak M, Wolf AW. 1988. Low level lead exposure and intelligence in the preschool years. Sci Total Environ 71 453-459. 

Greene T, Emhart CB. 1991. Prenatal and preschool age lead exposure Relationship with size. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 13 417-427. 

Hammad TA, Sexton M, Langenberg P. 1996. Relationship between blood lead and dietary iron intake in preschool children. A cross-section study. Ann Epidemiol 6(1) 30-33. 

Harvey PG, Hamlin MW, Kumar R, et al. 1984. Blood lead, behavior and intelligence test performance in preschool children. Sci Total Environ 40 45-60. 

Laraque D, McCormick M, Norman M, et al. 1990. Blood lead, calcium status, and behavior in preschool children. Am J Dis Child 144 186-189. 

McBride WG, Black BP, English BJ. 1982. Blood lead levels and behavior of 400 preschool children. Med JAust 10 2(l) 26-29. 

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