Pour points specification

Poly-a-olefins (PAOs) are biodegradable and nontoxic to marine organisms they also meet viscosity and pour point specifications for formulation into oil-based muds [78]. 

Grade Specific Pour Point Specific Pour Point... 

MEK/MIBK refrigeration requirements are lower than MEK/Toluene because the Pour-Filter spread is smaller due to the lower wax solubility. The Pour-Filter spread is the difference between the Dewaxed Oil pour point and the filtration temperature required to meet the Dewaxed Oil pour point specification. Wax has a higher solubility in Toluene than MIBK and MEK/Toluene systems will require a lower filtration temperature to achieve the same pour point. MEK/MIBK solvent mixture viscosity is lower than MEK/Toluene. Filtration rates are higher for MEK/MIBK. Toluene costs less than MIBK. 

MEK is an antisolvent for the wax and helps to reduce its solubility. If the MEK content is too high the Basestock may become insoluble and a phase separation will occur. MIBK or Toluene is added to help solubilize the oil. Both of these prosolvents have a higher affinity for wax molecules than MEK. The higher the concentration of prosolvent the more wax stays in solution, and ends up in the filtrate. This raises the pour point of the dewaxed oil and since the manufacturer must meet dewaxed oil pour point specification the manufacturer is forced to reduce the filtration temperature to remove more wax. The reduction in filtration temperature increases the viscosity of the slurry and filtration rates are slower and oil removal from the wax cake becomes more difficult. Thus the objective is to use the maximum amount of MEK without having a phase separation. A plot of the phase separation temperature or miscibility temperatures vs. solvent composition may be used to help set the optimum solvent composition. 

It is mainly in cold behavior that the specifications differ between bome-heating oil and diesel fuel. In winter diesel fuel must have cloud points of -5 to -8°C, CFPPs from -15 to -18°C and pour points from -18 to 21°C according to whether the type of product is conventional or for severe cold. For home-heating oil the specifications are the same for all seasons. The required values are -l-2°C, -4°C and -9°C, which do not present particular problems in refining. 

It is possible to calculate the properties of wider cuts given the characteristics of the smaller fractions when these properties are additive in volume, weight or moles. Only the specific gravity, vapor pressure, sulfur content, and aromatics content give this advantage. All others, such as viscosity, flash point, pour point, need to be measured. In this case it is preferable to proceed with a TBP distillation of the wider cuts that correspond with those in an actual refinery whose properties have been measured. 

The end product specification of a process may be defined by a customer (e.g. gas quality), by transport requirements (e.g. pipeline corrosion protection), or by storage considerations (e.g. pour point). Product specifications normally do not change, and one may be expected to deliver within narrow tolerances, though specification can be subject to negotiation with the customer, for example In gas contracts. 

Alkylated aromatics have excellent low temperature fluidity and low pour points. The viscosity indexes are lower than most mineral oils. These materials are less volatile than comparably viscous mineral oils, and more stable to high temperatures, hydrolysis, and nuclear radiation. Oxidation stabihty depends strongly on the stmcture of the alkyl groups (10). However it is difficult to incorporate inhibitors and the lubrication properties of specific stmctures maybe poor. The alkylated aromatics also are compatible with mineral oils and systems designed for mineral oils (see Benzene Toulene Xylenes and ethylbenzene). ... 

One hquid in this class intended for aircraft engine use is described in military specification MIL-L-87100 for operation from +15 to 300°C. Limitations of this class of synthetics are pour points of +5°C and higher, relatively poor lubricity, and high cost of 265/L ( 1000 + /gal) (44). Polyphenyl ether greases are available with good radiation resistance for appHcations in the temperature range of +5 to 288°C. 

Other important properties include Hash point, volatility, viscosity, specific gravity, cloud point, pour point, and smoke point. Most of these properties are related directly to the boiling range of the kerosene and are not independently variable. The flash point, an index of fire hazard, measures the readiness of a fuel to ignite when exposed to a flame. It is usually mandated by law or government regulation to be 120° or 130° F (48° or 72° C), Volatility, as measured... 

Pour point is the lowest temperature at which a fluid will flow. If the hydraulic system will be exposed to extremely low temperatures, it is a very important specification. For... 

Petroleum is typically described in terms of its physical properties (such as density and pour point) and chemical composition (such as percent composition of various petroleum hydrocarbons, asphaltenes, and sulfur). Although very complex in makeup, crude can be broken down into four basic classes of petroleum hydrocarbons. Each class is distinguished on the basis of molecular composition. In addition, properties important for characterizing the behavior of petroleum and petroleum products when spilled into waterways or onto land and/or released into the air include flash point, density (read specific gravity and/or API gravity), viscosity, emulsion formation in waterways, and adhesion to soil. 

Fuel Oils, Analytical. The following determinations were made at US War Planes during WWII 1) Specific Gravity 2) Moisture 3) Insolubles 4) Flash Point and 5) Pour Point Tests... 

Dewaxing is an important specific hydrocracking process used to improve diesel and heating oils by pour-point reduction.88 This is achieved by shape selectivity of certain zeolites allowing selective hydrocracking of long-chain paraffinic waxes to C3—C5 alkanes in the presence of other paraffins.89 Platinum H-mordenite is used in an industrial process.90... 

Commercial value of a petroleum liquid can be estimated quickly through measurement of the following physical characteristics . specific gravity, gasoline and kerosene content, sulfur content, asphalt content, pour point, and cloud point. 

However, one of the limitations of using biodiesel fuel for diesel engines is higher cold flow properties compared with petroleum diesel fuel (4). Cold properties consist of cloud point, pour point, and cold filter plugging point. The cloud point is a temperature at which the fuel starts to thicken and cloud, the pour point is a temperature at which the fuel thickens and no longer pours, and the cold filter plugging point is the lowest temperature at which fuel still flows through a specific filter. These... 

Lubricants are formulated products composed of a base stock, which is either a mineral or synthetic oil, and various specialty additives designed for specific performance needs. Additive levels in lubricants range from 1 to 25% depending on the application. Synthetic base stocks are oligomers of small molecules, synthesized to a defined molecular weight. Important performance indicators include viscosity index which measures the viscosity index behavior over a temperature range, oxidative stability, and pour point. The performance of synthetic and mineral oils (Morse, 1998 Shubkin, 1993) is summarized in Table 2.7. 

The optimum pyrolysis temperature is 395°C to give a recovery ratio of 0.97 (i.e. 1000 kg polystyrene will yield 970 L liquid monomer) and 5 to 10% char residue. Fuel made from polystyrene feedstock will be high in aromatic character and have an energy content of 50 MJ/kg and a pour point of —67°C. However the flash point is only 26°C and the cetane rating only 12.6. The fuel needs to be blended with polyolefin-derived diesel or regular diesel in order to upgrade the flash point and cetane rating to within specification. 

Shale oil and a fuel gas have been produced by microwaveheating oil shale in a standard microwave oven in conjunction with experimentation to develop an in situ microwave retorting process. Various grades of oil shale have been subjected to high microwave fields. The derived oil has been submitted to various physical and chemical testing methods, and the chemical composition of the evolved gas has been evaluated. The specific gravity pour point yields of oil, water, gas, and losses and spent shale are compared with parallel data obtained with the Fischer assay procedure. Important differences in oil flow properties and gas composition are discussed in view of microwave interactive theory. 

Some physical properties and some distillation data for oils and bitumen are shown in Table II. Specific gravities and pour points are lower for light oils than for bitumen. Viscosities (ca. 6 cP at 77 F) for light oils are much less than the viscosity of the bitumen (ca. 3,000,000 cP at 77°F). Distillation data show that the light oils contain much more material boiling below the two cut points (275° and 425°C) than... 

---