Fuel start

The procedure for determining the cetane number in the CFR engine is not extremely widespread because of its complexity and the cost of carrying it out. There also exist several methods to estimate the cetane number of diesel fuels starting from their physical characteristics or their chemical structure. 

It was not until the early 1980s that the potential air quahty benefits of alcohol fuels started to be investigated. It was about five years later that... 

The cetane engine is a variable compression single cylinder engine very much like the octane engine. The engine is mn at 900 rpm and injection is timed to start at 13° before top dead center (BTDC). The compression ratio is adjusted so that the test fuel starts to ignite at exacdy top dead center (TDC), for an ignition delay of 13° or 2.4 ms. Reference fuels are chosen which bracket the sample and the cetane number of the sample is estimated by interpolation between the two reference fuels. 

The first instantaneous water heaters which started appearing in the 1890s when gas or liquid fuels started becoming available, were un-pressurized. The first models had no automatic controls and vei"y limited safety features. Some early models were more efficient than standard modern gas-fired water heaters. 

Most of the initial interest in alternative fuels started after the oil crisis in the 1970s. It has grown more recently by concerns about supply interruptions, high prices, air quality and greenhouse gases. 

Beginning before and during WWII many liquid fuels started to be used for propulsion of jet and rocket motors and for spacecraft... 

However, one of the limitations of using biodiesel fuel for diesel engines is higher cold flow properties compared with petroleum diesel fuel (4). Cold properties consist of cloud point, pour point, and cold filter plugging point. The cloud point is a temperature at which the fuel starts to thicken and cloud, the pour point is a temperature at which the fuel thickens and no longer pours, and the cold filter plugging point is the lowest temperature at which fuel still flows through a specific filter. These... 

Kerosene 175-275°C (Cj2-Cig hydrocarbons used for lamp oil, diesel fuel, starting material for catalytic cracking)... 

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions guide back into the past wifli respect to CO2 concentration in the atmosphere when the formation of the fossil fuels started. The speed at which the CO2 concentration is currently changed, is roughly estimated to be 180,000 years per year of continued emissions [9]. 

Minatom has significant and broad expertise in both fabrication and irradiation of MOX fuel. Use of Pu as nuclear fuel started in the second half of the 1950s. Construction of a large industrial plant (A300 at Mayak) was well advanced at the end of the 1980s but was suspended together with the BN-800 program. 

Diesel fuel starts to be atomized (at B) at high pressure in the combustion chamber where it is mixed with compressed air. The mixture obtained is very heterogeneous, containing droplets of unvaporized diesel fuel, in addition to zones which are rich, or lean in vaporized diesel fuel. The injection of diesel fuel continues up to point D. 

The use of methanol or ethanol as fuels started with the replacement of steam engines for farm machinery and train locomotives and, at the end of the nineteenth century, alcohols were used in internal combustion engines (ICE). During the first decade of the twentieth century, alcohols lost the race against gasoline-powered automobiles, even when they released less contaminants, a fact that deserved not concern at that time. The main reason for that was economic alcohols could not... 

In parallel with the construction of Monju, construction of the Plutonium Fuel Production Facility (PFPF) (TOR line 5 ton MOX/year) started in July 1982. It was designed to develop fuel fabrication technologies as well as to fabricate fuels for Monju and Joyo. The construction was completed in October 1987. After testing operation, production of Joyo fuel started in October 1988 as the first... 

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