Potassium urates

The acid salt, C,H N O,K, is lormed as a granular (at first gelatinous) precipitate when a solution of the neutral srit is treated with CO,. It dissolves in 800 parts of cold H,0 and iu 80 p s of boiling H,0. Tbe occurrence of potassium urates in urinary sediments and criculi is very exceptional. 

Calcium urateff,— Tha neutral salt, C,H,N,0,Ca, is obtained by dropping a solution of neutral potassium urate into a boiling solution of curium chloride until the precipitate is no longer redissolved, and then boiling for an hour. A granular powder, soluble in 1600 paris of cold H,0 and in 1440 parts of boUing H,0. 

The acid salt, (C,H,N,0,),Ca, is obtained by decomposing a boiling solution of arid potassium urate with calcium chloride solution. It crystallizes in needles, soluble in 603 parts of cold H,0 and in 276 po of boiling H,0. It occurs occasionally in urinary sediments and calculi, and in chalk-stones. ... 

The extent and direction of a change in carbon with age may depend upon which properties are examined. Bente and Walton34 found that exposure of activated carbon to moist oxygen caused a decay in the power to catalyze the oxidation of potassium urate but no change resulted in a similar property for hydroquinone. Zaverina and Dubinin31 examined a carbon in which the adsorptive power for benzene vapor was fully retained when the carbon was stored, whereas the adsorptive power for acids decreased. 

Carbons prepared at 850° C to 950° C appear more effective for some oxidations, e.g., hydroquinone, sodium thiosulfate, potassium urate, and for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide whereas, carbons prepared at lower temperatures, in the range of 450° to 600° C, have been found more effective for the oxidation of sodium arsenite and potassium nitrite.1 It should be mentioned that certain of these specific effects are not supported by all data. 

Although uric acid may be obtained from calculi, urine, and guano, the source from which it is most readily obtained is the-solid urine of large serpents, which is composed almost entirely of uric acid and the acid urates of sodium, potassium, and ammonium. This is dried, powdered, and dissolved in a solution of potassium hydroxid the solution is boiled until all odor of NHs has disappeared. Through the filtered solution COi is passed, through a wide tube, until the precipitate, which was at first gelatinous, has become granular and sinks to the bottom the acid potassium urate so formed is collected on a filter, and washed with cold HjO until the wash-water becomes turbid when added to the first filtrate the deposit is now dissolved in hot dilute caustic potassa solution, and the solution filtered hot into HCl, diluted with an equal volume of HjO. The precipitated uric acid is washed and dried. 

Potassium urates.—The neutral salt, C6H3N4O3KS, is obtained when a solution of potassium hydroxid, free from cai bonate, is... 

Uramil and potassium cyanate unite to form potassium pseudo-urate,... 

Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain primary alcohols (Figure 12.2). The fatty acid is usually straight chain which may be saturated or mono-unsat-urated although occasionally branched chain or hydroxy acids are found. They are extremely non-polar compounds and are relatively inert chemically but they can be hydrolysed using a strong alkali, such as potassium hydroxide, a process called saponification. 

Urinary alkalinization- Urates tend to crystallize out of an acid urine therefore, a liberal fluid intake is recommended, as well as sufficient sodium bicarbonate (3 to 7.5 g/day) or potassium citrate (7.5 g/day) to maintain an alkaline urine continue alkalization until the serum uric acid level returns to normal limits and tophaceous deposits disappear. Thereafter, urinary alkalization and the restriction of purine-producing foods may be relaxed. 

After preincubation of the brush border membrane vesicle preparation for 2 h, [2 14 C]urate uptake is initiated by adding 200 pi of incubation medium to 20 pi of the membrane suspension. The incubation medium has the following composition (mmol/1) 150 mannitol, 2 MgS04, 50 potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0 or 7.5, 0.02 [2-14 C]urate, and various concentrations of the inhibitor. At 10 s after the addition of the incubation medium, 200 pi portions of the suspension are pipetted onto the center of prewetted cellulose acetate filters kept under suction. The vesicles retaining on the filter are washed immediately with 5 ml of an ice-cold solution containing 150 mmol/1 mannitol and 50 mmol/1 potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0 or 7.5, which is used at the same pH as the incubation medium. Preincubations and incubations are performed at 23 1 °C. Each experiment is performed in triplicate. Corrections are made for the radioactivity bound to the filters in the absence of membrane vesicles. The term of the OH gradient-dependent urate uptake is defined as the difference between the uptakes in the incubation medium at pH 6.0 and that at pH 7.5. The OII gradient-dependent urate uptake at 10 s is assumed to present an initial velocity. 

Stavric B, (dayman S, Gadd REA, Hebert D (1975) Some in vivo effects in the rat induced by chlorprothixene and potassium oxonate. Pharm Res Comm 7 117-124 Sugino H, Shimada H (1995) The uricosuric effect in rats of E5050, a new derivative of ethanolamine, involves inhibition of the tubular postsecretory reabsorption of urate. Jpn J Pharmacol 68 297-303... 

Application of HC to animal tissues was carried out for renal stones in kidneys. Rats were freely fed a laboratory ration containing 3% uric acid and 2% potassium oxonate (54). After 3 weeks on this diet, the rats were sacrificed to obtain the kidneys. The left kidney was frozen, and the right one was fixed in absolute alcohol. Both kidneys were sectioned to observe amorphous and crystalline deposits in the tubules and collecting tubes with the microscope. Amorphous and crystalline deposits in both kidneys were removed by the microaspiratoscope, separately, for analysis by HPLC (55). To determine the constituents of the deposits, uric acid, known as a potential component of kidney stones, xanthine and hypoxanthine as precursors, and potassium oxonate were used for reference on HPLC. Only uric acid, probably urate or both, was detected in both kidneys on HPLC. 

During initial therapy a fluid intake of at least 2 1/d should be ensured to prevent urate crystall-uria. If the uric acid load is high, consider rendering the urine alkaline with Potassium Citrate Mixture 12-24 g/d with water p.o. or sodium bicarbonate powder 5-10 g/d with water p.o., again to prevent uric acid crystal formation in the renal tract. Other adverse effects are mainly gastrointestinal sulfinpyrazone is contraindicated in peptic ulcer. 

In addition to a rise in serum potassium, timolol increases plasma uric acid concentrations (207). In the TOMHS study, acebutolol increased serum urate by 7 pmol/1 (196). 

By proper choice of the phosphonate reagent, the HWE reaction shows great flexibility in controlling the stereochemistry of the double bond of vinylic esters. Whereas condensation of dialkylphosphonoacetates with aldehydes gives preferentially the more stable ( )-unsaturated esters, the reaction of methyl bis(trifluoroethyl)phospho-noacetate with aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of a mixture of KHMDS (potassium hexamethyldisilazide) and 18-crown-6 produces (Z)-a, (3-unsat-urated esters stereoselectively. ... 

Amphetamines increase the concentration of free fatty adds. Morphine increases the activity of amylase and lipase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, ALP and the serum bilirubin concentration. The concentrations of gastrin, TSH, and prolactin are also increased. In contrast the concentrations of insulin, norepinephrine, pancreatic polypeptide, and neurotensin are decreased. Heroin increases the plasma concentrations of cholesterol, thyroxine, and potassium. PCO2 is increased but PO2 is decreased. The plasma albumin concentration is also decreased. Cannabis increases the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, urea, chloride, and insulin but decreases those of creatinine, glucose, and urate. 

Allantoin has been prepared by the oxidation of uric acid with potassium permanganate/ lead dioxide/ potassium ferri-cyanide/ oxygen/ manganese dioxide/ ozone, hydrogen peroxide/ and by the electrolytic oxidation of lithium urate. It is also formed by heating glyoxylic acid with urea. ... 

Sodium urates.—The neutral salt, GsHaHiOaNaa, is formed under similar conditions as the corresponding potassium salt. It forms nodular masses, soluble in 77 parts of cold HaO and in 75 of boiling HaO it absorbs COa from the air. 

Vinylamine, CH2 = CH.NH2, is an example of an amine which contains an unsaturated radical. It is made by an application of the general methods used in preparing unsat- urated compounds. When bromoethylamine is heated with a solution of potassium hydroxide, hydrobromic acid is eliminated from the saturated compound —... 

KD-110. See N-Phenyl-N -(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine KD-112. See Epoxidized soybean oil KD-128. See Dibenzylamine KD-130. See Dibutyl phthalate KD-144. See Dibutyl sebacate KD-162. See N,N -Di (n-octyl)-p-phenylenediamine KD-206. See Butyl oleate KD-227. See n-Dioctyl phthalate KD-234. See Trial Iylcyan urate KD-242. See Tetrabutyl thiuram disulfide KD-296. See Diethylene glycol KD-318. See Diphenylamine-acetone KDCC. See Potassium dichloroisocyanurate Kelcal-Ace. See Calcium silicate KELACID . See Alginic acid Kelate 220. See Tetrasodium EDTA Kelate Acid. See Edetic acid Kelate CDS. See Calcium disodium EDTA Kelate Cu Liq.. See Disodium EDTA-copper... 

C5H5CIN2O, 6-Chloro-2-methyl-4(3H)-pyrimidone, 39B, 290 C5H5KN2O2 3 H2O, Potassium thyminate trihydrate, 45B, 445 C5H5N3O, anti-4-Pyrimidinecarboxaldehyde oxime, 40B, 378 C5H5N3O4, 5-Nitro-6-methyluracil, 43B, 514 CsHgN NaOA, Sodium urate monohydrate, 42B, 307... 

Potassium dichloroisocyan-urate Troclosene potassium C3CI2KN3O3 2244-21-5 236.054 hyg cry 250 dec ... 

The reductive desulfurization of N-heterocyclic thiones (Scheme 1.9) has become an alternative method for the preparation of saturated, unsat-urated or benzannulated NHCs. This method is, however, less frequently used than the deprotonation of azolium salts. The choice of reducing agent depends on the starting thione. Imidazol-2-thiones were reduced to the free carbenes with potassium in boiling THF within four hours, while benzimidazol-2-thiones were reduced with a Na/K-alloy in toluene, requiring a reaction time of up to three weeks at ambient temperature. 

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