Desulfurization reductive

In the context of diagenesis in recent anoxic sediments, reduced carotenoids, steroids, and hopanoids have been identified, and it has been suggested that reduction by sulhde, produced for example, by the reduction of sulfate could play an important part (Hebting et al. 2006). The partial reduction of carotenoids by sulfide has been observed as a result of the addition of sulfide to selected allylic double bonds, followed by reductive desulfurization. This is supported by the finding that the thiol in allylic thiols could be reductively removed by sulhde to produce unsaturated products from free-radical reactions (Hebting et al. 2003). 

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Diallylsulfonium salts undergo intramolecular allylic rearrangement with strong bases to yield 1,5-dienes after reductive desulfurization. The straight-chain 1,5-dienes may be obtained by double sulfur extrusion with concomitant allylic rearrangements from diallyl disulfides. The first step is achieved with phosphines or phosphites, the second with benzyne. This procedure is especially suitable for the synthesis of acid sensitive olefins and has been used in oligoisoprene synthesis (G.M. Blackburn, 1969). 

Isothiazoles are reductively desulfurized by Raney nickel, e.g. as in Scheme 31 (72AHC(l4)l). 1,2,5-Thiadiazoles are subject to reductive cleavage by zinc in acid, sodium in alcohol, or Raney nickel, e.g. Scheme 32 (68AHC(9)107). 

The close structural resemblance between the sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant agents was mentioned earlier. It is interesting that the two activities can be related in at least one case by a simple chemical transformation. Thus, reductive desulfurization of the thiobarbituric acid, 158, affords primi-... 

Rennie (49), working in my laboratory, succeeded in converting d-glucose into 4-deoxy-D-Jct/Zo-hexose, albeit with considerable difficulty, by the following sequence of reactions which incorporate mercaptalation of the carbonyl group and reductive desulfurization of the dithiol 1 2 D-glucose methyl 2,3-di-0-benzyl-6-0-trityl-a-D-glucopyranoside - ... 

Product 15 was eventually transformed into methyl 4,6-dideoxy-a-D-xylo-hexopyranoside by reductive desulfurization. A related reaction is the formation (41) of the 4-thiocyanato derivative 17 in 47% yield from 16 (140°C., 22 hours in N,N-dimethylformamide). This has been suggested as a good route to 4-deoxy-D-xt/Zo-hexoses compared with the available methods (43). 

When tribenzo[/>,with copper bronze and diethyl phthalate at 315°C for five hours, triphenylene (18) is obtained in 72% yield.4 Reductive desulfurization of 17 with Raney nickel in ethanol at room temperature gives l,l 2M -terphenyl (19) in 68% yield 4... 

Metalation ofa-sulfinyl dimethylhydrazones with terf-butylmagnesium bromide, butyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide, and reaction of the generated azaenolates with aldehydes, provides aldol adducts (e.g., 6) as mixtures of diastereomers. Reductive desulfurization leads to fi-hydroxy dimethylhydrazones (e.g., 7) which are cleaved to the desired /(-hydroxy ketones in 25% overall yield10 u. The enantiomeric excesses are about 50%, except for (- )-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-phenyl-1-pentanone (8) which was obtained in 88% ee. 

Since these adducts undergo reductive desulfuration with Raney nickel, optically active aryl methyl sulfoxides are versatile reagents for the conversion of imines to optically active amines. 

In contrast, (benzyloxymethoxymethyl)lithium underwent addition to the a,/(-unsaturated y-lactone in the nonchelated confonnation to give, after reductive desulfurization, a protected (S)-dihydro-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2(3/f)-furanone19. 

The more generally known mercuric oxide-mercuric chloride hydrolysis 2 may also be used, and in the present case it gives a yield of about 90%. The reductive desulfurization of Part E is also based on the work of Mukaiyama.12 It is clearly superior to Raney nickel desulfurization, which gives only 36-45% of 3-benzylindole. 

Corey and Chaykovsky had discovered that dimethyl sulfoxide is converted to methyl-sulfinyl carbanion upon treatment with sodium hydride114 and that this conjugate base of DMSO reacts with various electrophiles115. This finding has opened up various reactions with a-sulfmyl carbanions derived from sulfoxides, since the sulfinyl function can be removed either by thermolysis or by subjecting the compound to reductive desulfurization. Thus a-sulfmyl carbanions have become versatile synthetically useful reagents. 

Hebting Y, P Adam, P Albrecht (2003) Reductive desulfurization of allylic thiols by HS /HjS in water gives clue to chemical reactions widespread in natural environments. Org Lett 5 1571-1574. 

Miller KW (1992) Reductive desulfurization of dibenzyldisulfide. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 2176-2179. 

Chrzanowska and Rozwadowska (60) performed a total synthesis of ( )-43, using amine 49 and the thioacetal of methoxycarbonylpiperonal (26) as substrates (Scheme 13). These two synthons were joined together under the influence of LDA, and the resulting addition product 50 was subjected to reductive desulfurization with Raney nickel to give racemic peshawarine (43). 

Samarium(II) iodide also allows the reductive coupling of sulfur-substituted aromatic lactams such as 7-166 with carbonyl compounds to afford a-hydroxyalkylated lactams 7-167 with a high anti-selectivity [74]. The substituted lactams can easily be prepared from imides 7-165. The reaction is initiated by a reductive desulfuration with samarium(ll) iodide to give a radical, which can be intercepted by the added aldehyde to give the desired products 7-167. Ketones can be used as the carbonyl moiety instead of aldehydes, with good - albeit slightly lower - yields. 

Scheme 7.44. Sml2-promoted domino reductive desulfuration/reductive coupling process of lactams 7-166 with an aldehyde.

Harmata and co-workers introduced a procedure for the reductive desulfurization of selected 2,1-benzothiazines with sodium amalgam, leading to the formation of the 2-alkylanilines in high yields <94S142>. This method is regioselective and general. As an example, alkylation of 187 followed by treatment with Na/Hg resulted in the formation of the aniline 188 in 68% overall yield (Scheme 50). 

The Harmata group <95TL4769> also used the reductive desulfurization of 2,1-benzothiazines to produce 2-alkenylanilines 192 in good yields (Scheme 53). This method is quite general, regioselective and stereoselective in some cases. 

Interestingly, treatment of diene 215a with methanesulfonic acid afforded 216 as a single diastereomer in 88% yield, the structure of which was confirmed by X-ray analysis (Scheme 60). The transformation of 216 into 217 started with an alkylation, followed by reductive desulfurization and triazene formation to afford compound 217 in 92% yield. Upon treatment with diiodomethane, triazene 217 was smoothly converted to aryl iodide 218 in 75% yield. Pd-catalyzed intramolecular Heck coupling of 218 led to the desired product 219b in 62% yield. 

Fletcher, Hewitt G., Jr., and Richtmyer, Nelson K., Applications in the Carbohydrate Field of Reductive Desulfurization by Raney Nickel, V, 1-28... 

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