Potassium blood serum

The presence of depressed sodium and/or potassium blood serum levels... 

To evaluate the precision for the determination of potassium in blood serum, duplicate analyses were performed on six samples, yielding the following results. 

Mild (5.S-6.5 mEq/L) to moderate (6.5-8 mEq/L) potassium blood level increases may be asymptomatic and manifested only by increased serum potassium concentrations and characteristic BOS changes such asdisappearance of P waves or Rereading (widening) of the QRS complex. 

BP, blood pressure BUN, blood urea nitrate CBC, complete blood cell count ECC, electrocardiogram HF, heart failure HR, heart rate K+, potassium SCr, serum creatinine SOB, shortness of breath. 

This method is used to determine sodium and potassium in food, water and blood serum. The flame can be hydrogen/oxygen, methane/ oxygen or methane/air fueled. Wavelength selection can be by filter, prism Fig. 9.2 or grating and by either one or two detectors. 

Assay of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium in blood serum and water... 

ASSAY OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM IN BLOOD SERUM AND WATER... 

How would you assay sodium, potassium and calcium in blood serum and water Explain. 

The most important application of the valinomycin macroelectrode is for the determination of potassium in serum [9, 126,141,174] and in whole blood [45, 71, 224]. This electrode with a polymeric membrane is a component of most automatic instruments for analysis of electrolytes in the serum. It has also been used for monitoring the K level during heart surgery [168]. The valinomycin ISE is also useful for determination of Rb [33]. 

K+ Valinomycin dissolved in diphenyl ether Potassium in feldspar, urine, blood serum, seawater, vegetables 137... 

Monitoring Monitor renal function frequently during amphotericin B therapy. It is also advisable to monitor liver function, serum electrolytes (particularly magnesium and potassium), blood counts, and hemoglobin concentrations on a regular basis. Use laboratory test results as a guide to subsequent dose adjustments. Monitor complete blood count and prothrombin time as medically indicated. 

The potassium concentration in a blood serum is to be analysed using a method of addition and flame emission. Two extractions of 0.5 ml of serum were taken to create two identical solutions and then both were diluted further with distilled water to a final volume of 5 ml. 10 pi of 0.2 M KC1 is introduced to one of these. The values obtained from the apparatus were 32.1 and 58.6 arbitrary units. What is the potassium concentration of the serum ... 

Bradbury, M.W.B., et al. 1963. The distribution of potassium, sodium, chloride and urea between lumbar cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum in human subjects. Clin Sci 25 97. 

With the differential pulse polarography [245], the antibiotics can be determined at low concentration, if necessary, at the ppm or even sub-ppm level. Tetracycline hydrochloride is determined in aqueous acetate buffer pH 4 (detection limit 0.1 ppm), but for the analysis of chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride and free tetracycline, a non-aqueous medium must be used. Streptomycin sulphate is analysed in alkaline solution, trace quantities of zinc being masked by Na2EDTA, and the detection limit is 1 ppm. A determination in blood serum or urine is also possible but the peak potentials are shifted here to more negative values. The polarographic determination is preceded by ultrafiltration. Penicillin G potassium and ampicillin must be first functionalised by nitrosation. The authors also recommend an analysis of mixtures which is however demonstrated only with chloramphenicol and tetracycline, at 2.4 and 4.2 ppm, respectively. 

Willis (Wll), using a potassium hollow cathode tube instead of the commonly employed discharge lamp, determined potassium in blood serum. At the 1 50 dilution no interference was encountered from calcium, magnesium, and phosphate at serum levels, but sodium gave a small enhancement. The sodium interference was controlled by the addition in excess of sodium chloride or of the disodium salt of EDTA to samples and standards alike. 

Herrmann and Lang (H3) also determined potassium in blood serum. Calibration curves were straight from 1 to 100 mg sodium per liter. One wonders about the sensitivity of their technique since it is stated that the serum dilution used was 1 5. 

Wll. Willis, J. B., The determination of metals in blood serum by atomic absorption spectroscopy—III. (Sodium and Potassium). Spectrochim. Acta 16, 551-558 (1960). 

Serotonin can be measured in whole blood, serum, platelet-rich plasma, platelet-poor plasma (i.e., platelet-free plasma), isolated platelet pellets, urine, and CSF. Most blood serotonin is stored in the platelets and is easily released during sample preparation. For whole blood serotonin, venous blood (10 mL) is drawn into a tube containing potassium EDTA as an anticoagulant, gently mixed, placed on ice, and transferred to a storage tube. An aliquot of blood is then removed for a platelet count alternatively, a simultaneous EDTA blood sample can be collected. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or metabisulfite are conveniently added to the storage tube when a fluorometric detection system is used. Blood serotonin samples are stored frozen at -20 °C, preferably within 2 hours after collection. 

Ringer s solution. Physiologic solution containing 0.650 g sodium chloride, 0.014 g potassium chloride, 0.0129 g calcium chloride, 0.020 g sodium bicarbonate, 0.001 g monosodium phosphate, 0.200 g dextrose in 100 g water. It is isotonic with frog blood serum. 

J. Ruzicka, E.H. Hansen, E.A.G. Zagatto, How injection analysis. Part VII. Use of ion-selective electrodes for rapid analysis of soil extracts and blood serum. Determination of potassium, sodium and nitrate, Anal. Chim. Acta 88 (1977) 1. 

J. L. Burguera, M. Burguera, and M. Gallignani, Direct Determination of Sodium and Potassium in Blood Serum by Flow Injection and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 55 (1983) 209. 

Sampson, J. J. et al.. The effect on man of potassium administration in relation to digitalis glycoside, with special reference to blood serum potassium, the electrocardiogram, and ectopic beats. Am. Heart J., 26 164—179, 1943. 

Persons using contaminated water for showering and bathing activities may also be exposed via inhalation to potentially high levels of chromium(Vl) in airborne aerosols. Elevated levels of chromium in blood, serum, urine, and other tissues and organs have also been observed in patients with cobalt-chromium knee and hip arthroplasts (Koplan, 2000b). Chromium in the environment can exist in many forms e.g chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate, potassium chromate, sodium chromate or ammonium dichromate e.t.c. 

Since the early days of analytical applications of ion-selective electrodes they have been used in clinical analysis. The progress in construction and miniaturisation of electrodes as well as contemporary development of computerised potentiometric apparatus have led to the production of automatic analyzers designed especially for clinical applications/ The high degree of response selectivity of the membrane sensors used today eliminates practically the mutual interaction of various blood, serum, plasma or urine components. Nevertheless when drugs or their metabolites are introduced into the body they in some cases may influence the electrode response and cause errors in estimation of the content of the ions present naturally, i.e., potassium, sodium, calcium and chloride. Such parasitic effects may be caused by the interaction of drugs with the electrode membrane. The aim of this study was to check whether some selected drugs can influence the determination of the above mentioned electrolyte ions in the serum. 

Comparatively low levels of other ionic components in serum, like potassium and magnesium which comprise less than 6 per cent of the total ionic strength of blood serum, have a negligible effect on the activity coefficient of calcium ions at ionic strengths below 1.0 mol dm [38]. The activity coefficients of these ions can be expected to be affected by the high sodium level as with calcium. 

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