Possible Fields of Application

The fluorolytic sol-gel synthesis of metal fluorides was originally developed and explored for aluminium fluoride, which was a piece of luck since both the stepwise synthesis and the properties of HS-AIF3 showed the influence of the new synthesis process. Thus, almost immediately after exploration of HS-AIF3 other binary metal fluorides have been similarly prepared and attempted syntheses of more complex systems started. 

Binary metal fluorides Many binary metal fluorides have been prepared via sol-gel fluorolysis [4, 7]. The applicability of the synthesis process is primarily limited by the ready availability of soluble metal alkoxides. However, the synthesis of metal fluorides, of which the metal ions are very weak Lewis acids, typically does not result in sol formation but finely dispersed solid fluorides, the XRD of which reflect the aimed-for compounds. 

Specific chemical and physical properties of intermediate states of the sol-gel fluorolysis can be utilized for quite different modifications and applications. Upon reaction of metal 

Nano-sized metal fluorides have a promising perspective as inorganic component of organic polymers. Due to their small size the particles are invisible even in transparent polymers but may, in possibly decisive ways, change physical properties such as dielectric constant, index of refraction or mechanical properties. However, preventing agglomeration of these nano particles is a challenging task, but one that is not easy to accomplish and that needs to be further developed. 

Organically modified metal fluorides Silicon oxide and also metal oxide based inorganic-organic hybrid materials have received broad interest academically and also for technical applications [62]. The development of such hybrids aims to combine useful properties of the inorganic part, mostly the basis of the hybrid, with those of the organic part, whereby the two parts are chemically bound to one another. Basically, two types of synthesis routes 

Until now ionic liquids have received most attention for dectrochemical and chemical research [4]. This is also reflected by Table 9-1 of industrial applications that have been reported to date. 

However, three entries in Table 9-1 represent applications already outside the classic chemical use as solvents or process chemicals. In these cases ionic liquids are 

Chevron Phillips olefin oligomerization catalyst pilot 

Eli Lilly cleavage of ether catalyst/reagent pilot 

Air Products storage of gases liquid support pilot 

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In membrane distillation, two liquids (usually two aqueous solutions) held at different temperatures are mechanically separated by a hydrophobic membrane. Vapors are transported via the membrane from the hot solution to the cold one. The most important (potential) applications of membrane distillation are in water desalination and water decontamination (77-79). Other possible fields of application include recovery of alcohols (e.g., ethanol, 2,3-butanediol) from fermentation broths (80), concentration of oil-water emulsions (81), and removal of water from azeotropic mixtures (82). Membrane (pervaporation) units can also be coupled with conventional distillation columns, for instance, in esterifications or in production of olefins, to split the azeotrope (83,84). 

Another possible field of application of PET across membranes may be molecular electronics (see the recent monographs [278-280]). So far little information is available on the application of bilayer membranes to this field. However it cannot be ruled out that in the future electrogenic membranes including light-controlled ones may be used as the components of molecular electronics. 

Another possible field of applications involves emulsifiers for polymer blends. The synthetic methods used for preparation of block and graft copolymers for this application illustrates the versatility of the system. 

As already mentioned, the production of new polymeric materials represents the most attractive feature of LRP, in particular with reference to new block copolymers. A possible field of application is the production of amphiphilic... 

The method is presently under development, but the possible fields of applications are many and diverse, including order-N methods and alloy ordering problems outside of the quantum corrals. 

It is difficult to describe all possible fields of application of analytical isotachophoresis. To predict feasablllty for Isotachophoresis as an analytical method, the ratio of molecular weight to effective charge can be used. Generally this ratio should not exceed 3000. Needless to say the compound must have a sufficient solubility in the solvent chosen. A brief survey of applications will be given and further information can be found in the references [3,5,6]. ... 

Detailed information can be found in the application notes [7,8] of LKB-Produkter AB (Bromma, Sweden) and of Shlmadzu Co (Kyoto, Japan). From LKB-Produkter AB (Bromma. Sweden) a list of references is available Acta Isotachophoretlca [9]. A more recent review is given by P. Bocek et al. [9a]. Because it is difficult to describe all possible fields of application an analysis is selected that gives a survey of applicable on-line detectors used in our laboratory and certainly soon to be available in commercial iTP-equipment. 

As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, computer networking has gradually entered all possible fields of applications. Providing an exhaustive overview of the many appUcations woirld be practictilly impossible, so only a brief overview will be given here of what is (and what still will be) available. Qassification itself is subjective in this case, so the aspects mentioned below provide only an approach to systematic handling of the wide spectrum of network-based applications. 

What are the possible fields of applications for vegetable oil-based hyperbranched polymers ... 

The generation, separation, and recombination of electron-hole pairs, along with electronic transport can be studied in great detail with time-resolved photocurrent generation techniques. The examples given above are by no means limiting and do not cover aU possible fields of applications. Yet, they demonstrate the enormous potential that these techniqnes offer. In the smdy of dye-sensitized solar cells the use of IMPS have proven invalnable and has lead to fnndamental knowledge about... 

Time will tell if these materials can find their way from the laboratory into certain niche applications. Before a complete evaluation of economic factors and possible fields of applications makes sense, the reusability and solvent extraction questions must be answered and a complete service life balance established. Only then will it be possible to weigh cost against performance. 

For definition of possible fields of application of obtained epoxides in consisting of polymeric composite materials process of structurization of... 

Possible fields of application the properties of compositions and polymers on a basis of dian-epoxy resin ED-20 and epoxy-novolac resin UP-643 which have been diluted by epoxy group containing siliconorganic compounds have been considered. 

It is often very difficult to relate the structure-related parameters directly to the permeation-related parameters because the pore size and shape is not very well defined. The configuration of the pores (cylindrical, packed-spheres) used in simple model descriptions deviate sometimes dramatically from the actual morphology, as depicted schematically in figure IV - 3. Nevenheless, a combination of well defined characterisation techniques can give information about membrane morphology which can be used as a first estimate in determining possible fields of application. In addition, it can serve as a feed-back for membrane preparation. 

All possible fields of application of thin-layer electrophoresis cannot be reviewed since the method is still too new. Only the essential aspects concerning theory, operation and application of the method are thus given below ... 

State of the art commercial CFD codes are almost always set up as multi-purpose tools suitable for a wide variety of applications from automotive industry to chemical processes and power generation. However, since not highly specialized in all possible fields of application, CFD codes should be rather seen as a collection of basic models that can be compiled and extended to individual tools for special investigations than as readily applicable tools. 

All the advantages of SC-SOFCs mentioned above and the last very serious disadvantage predetermined the main possible fields of application for this fuel cell variety low- and medium-sized portable and mobile powerplants for electronic devices and eleclric vehicles and also small units for individual homes and for backup power. All these application areas are now expanding rapidly and require appropriate new power sources. In contrast to large stationary power plants destined for the production of cheap grid power, for which high fuel utilization is of prime importance, in these application areas Ihe main requirement is the high specific power density of the power unit. 

This technology can provide rapid and sensitive one-step-test-kits for clinical use, lab use and even field tests (in cases, where the result is visible to the naked eye). Possible fields of application include e.g. the screening of allergens, especially food allergens, food-component identifications, detection of pathogenic bacteria and diagnosis of urinary tract infections. 

Due to the low price the laden coke must not be regenerated like activated carbons, but can be used e g. as a fuel. Possible fields of application are e g. in power plants with downstream desulfurization facilities, where the laden coke is used as a supplementary fuel, as well as in cement works or sulfate decomposition plants interested in feedstocks with a high heating value and/or a high S content. 

For some time to come, density functional methods will be the key to the study of NMR properties for transition metal compounds, as no other available quantum chemical method presently allows the necessary inclusion of electron correlation effects at manageable computational cost. Further progress in the development of exchange-correlation functionals should even widen the possible fields of application, in particular for the calculation of spin-spin coupling constants or of spin-orbit corrections to chemical shifts, which both involve Fermi-contact type contributions (the same outlook holds for the computation of ESR hyperfine coupling constants in transition metal compounds). 

The fluorolytic sol-gel process, its execution, mechanism, scope as well as properties and possible fields of application of its products are the subjects of this chapter. 

Possible fields of application of these iimovative advanced materials are represented by the following aerospace applications ... 

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