Polyvinyl chloroformate

The chemical modification of homopolymers such as polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, poly(chloroalkylene sulfides), polysulfones,poly-chloromethylstyrene, polyisobutylene, polysodium acrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloroformate, sulfonated polystyrene block and graft copolymers such as poly(styrene-block-ethylene-co-butylene-block-styrene), poly(1,4-polybutadiene-block ethylene oxide), star chlorine-telechelic polyisobutylene, poly(lsobutylene-co-2,3-dimethy1-1,3-butadiene), poly(styrene-co-N-butylmethacrylate) cellulose, dex-tran and inulin, is described. 

Mori, S., Elution behavior of oligomers on a polyvinyl alccohol gel column with chloroform, methanol, and their mixtures, ]. Liq. Chromatogr., 11, 1205, 1988. 

About 98% of EDC is used to manufacture VC. Relatively small amounts are used in the manufacture of perchloroethylene (an industrial degreaser and dry cleaning agent), in the manufacture of methyl chloroform (an anesthesia), and ethylenediamine (a fungicide and antifreeze inhibitor). About 99% of VC is used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride in a polymer-... 

Chlorine is used to make plastics such as neoprene and polyvinyl chloride (vinyl). It is used to make insecticides, fireworks, explosives, and paint pigments pharmaceuticals, chloroform, and chlorofluorocarbons (ClFCs) and chlorohydfocarbons (ClHCs). 

A three-necked flask was charged with 25 ml of 5% aqueous polyvinyl alcohol and then treated with a mixture of the step 2 product (2.6 mmol), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (5 mol%), and 1 ml of chloroform. The mixture was vigorously stirred while the temperature was maintained at 60°C and then treated with 2,2 -azobisisobutyroni-trile and polymerized at 60°C for 16 hours. The polymer particles were collected by centrifugation and washed with methanol and water. 

The assumption of forces of interaction between solvent and solute led to the century old principle that like dissolves like . In many cases the presence of similar functional groups in the molecules suffices. This rule of thumb has only limited validity since there are many examples of solutions of chemically dissimilar compounds. For example, for small molecules methanol and benzene, water and N,N-dimethylformamide, aniline and diethyl ether, and for macromolecules, polystyrene and chloroform, are completely miscible at room temperature. On the other hand, insolubility can occur in spite of similarity of the two partners. Thus, polyvinylal-cohol does not dissolve in ethanol, acetyl cellulose is insoluble in ethyl acetate, and polyacrylonitrile in acrylonitrile [12], Between these two extremes there is a whole range of possibilities where the two materials dissolve each other to a limited extent. 

Since most materials are opaque to the electron beam, even when only a few hundred nanometers thick, special problems arise in the production of suitable mounted specimens. Specimen support films are usually made of plastic or carbon, though other materials have also been used. Suitable film solutions may be made up of 2% w/v formvar (polyvinyl formal) in ethylene dichloride or chloroform. 

The dibromo compound is dehalogenated by agitating under a hydrogen atmosphere a mixture of 80 g. (0.23 mole) of the dibromo compound, 700 ml. of N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and a catalyst consisting of 2% palladium on polyvinyl alcohol prepared from 0.5 g. of palladium chloride (p. 244). To the resulting mixture is added 120 g. of sodium chloride, and the precipitated catalyst is removed by filtration. The filtrate is acidified and extracted with chloroform. Removal of the chloroform by distillation gives 35 g. (80%) of ethyl orcinol-6-carboxylate, m.p. 132-133°. 

Solubility soluble in ethanol and methanol sparingly soluble in acetone and propan-2-ol practically insoluble in chloroform, dichloromethane, and water. In buffer solutions, polyvinyl acetate phthalate (200mg/L) is insoluble below pH 5 and becomes soluble at pH values above 5. Polyvinyl acetate pththalate shows a sharp solubility response with pH this occurs at pH 4.5-5.0, which is lower than for most other polymers used for enteric coatings. Solubility is also influenced by ionic strength. See Table III. 

Polyvinyl acetate Methanol, Acetone, Chloroform Mechanical properties of the films depended on the solvent and the time of exposure of film at each temperature CHCl was recommended. Mechanical tests [Olayemi and Adeyeye, 1982]... 

Polyvinyl acetate Chloroform, methanol, acetone, butyl acetate Diethyl ether, petroleum ether, butanol... 

Polyvinyl isobutyl ether Isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone, chloroform, aromatic hydrocarbons Methanol, acetone... 

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) PVC offers good protection for a wide range of chemicals but is affected by some, including liquid ammonia, amyl acetate, aniline, benzene, benzaldehyde, bromine, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, fluorine, nitric acid, and firming sulfuric acid. Some perchloric acid hoods use an unplasticized version of this material. 

Polycarboxylates Carboxylate derivatives of poly(vinyl alcohol) are biodegradable and functional in detergents as co-builders, although too costly to be practical replacements for polyacrylic acid at this time. Matsumura et al. polymerized vinyloxyacetic acid [69, 70] and Lever has patented polymers based on vinyl carbamates obtained from the reaction of vinyl chloroformates and amino acids such as aspartic and glutamic acids [71]. Both hydrolyze (Scheme 4), to polyvinyl alcohol, which is biodegradable. 

PS Cyclohexane, methyl-cyclohexane, acetone, tert-butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl oxalate, vinyl acetate, ethyl malonate, methyl acetate, methyl succinate, octene, polyvinyl acetal/chloroform, mbber/benzaie, toluene/ethanol... 

Eor phospholipids separation, various HPLC columns, e.g., silica, - - NH2,"° diol, " and polyvinyl alcohol" have been used. Silica columns were most often used. Both isocratic and gradient" mobile phases have been used. The most often used mobile phases are chloroform-methanol-water and hexane-isopropanol-water systems. The phospholipid classes can be separated very well by carefully adjusting the composition and time schedule of mobile phases. 

Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP) (Opaseal , Sureteric ) PolyvinyUactam polymers anionic 42.5 °C 47,000-60,700 Soluble in methanol and ethanol < 1 % soluble in isopro-ponal and acetone and insoluble in chloroform and methylene chloride Nonhygroscopic 25 150°C Spray drying... 

Polyvinyl chloride Vinegar, orange drink Mercapto acetate organotin stabilizer Chloroform extraction then thin-layer chromatography [92- 94]... 

The TMPTA monomer and the Darocur 1173 photoinitiator are encapsulated in polyurethane microcapsules by in situ pol5mierization. Microcapsules are obtained by in situ pol)unerization in direct emulsion (OilAVater). At room temperature, deionized water and polyvinyl alcohol PVOH (3 wt. %) are mixed in a reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer. Then, an organic solution of monomer (Hexamethylene diisocyanate HMDI/chloroform) containing the monomer (TMPTA) and photoinitiator (Darocur 1173) to be encapsulated is added to the aqueous solution leading to a stable QU/Water emulsion. After 5 minutes of stabilization, a hydrophilic monomer (Ethylene Diamine EDA in excess) is added to the emulsion - Figure 9. The reaction is continued until stabilization of the pH (around 5 hours). 

It was therefore to be exacted that the antidpated thermolysis products would not be separable on silica gel using a single solvent system. In all, 4 mobile phases were used for the thermolysis products, which sometimes showed tare fluctuations in polarity (cf. Table 21). As expected, the fatty add components were formed in the TFG of polyvinyl esters (cf. Fig. 24 and Table 21). These can be separated relatively well using acetone-n-butanol-2S%ammonia-water (65 + 20 + 10 + S), at chamber saturation and in a run of 15 cm (cf. Fig. 24 and Table 21). Polyacrylates and polymethacrylates yield the corresponding monomers which can be separated satisfactorily with n-heptane-chloroform (50 + 50) (cf. Figs. 25 and 26). The fairly unpolar binary mixture of n-hexane-toluene (50 + 50) separates the breakdown products of polyvinylcarbazole (cf. Figs. 27 and 28, and Table 21). In contrast, the more polar fission products of polyvinylpyrrolidone need the more polar mobile phase of chloro-form-ethylacetate (70 + 30) to obtain adequate hRf-differences. Reference may be made to Table 21 below for information about detection of the various thermolysis products. 

Ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane), otherwise known as EDC, is produced by reacting chlorine or anhydrous hydrochloric acid with ethylene. The largest single use for EDC is the production of vinyl chloride monomer, which is used to produce polyvinyl chloride (PVC). EDC can also be used in the manufacture of other organic compounds, and as a solvent. Ethylene dichloride is a colorless, oily liquid with a chloroform-like smell. It has many uses in industry, with principal ones being the following ... 

As an intermediate in the manufacture of methyl chloroform, perchloroethylene, ethylene amines, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), sulfide compounds, vinyl chloride, and trichloroethane. 

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