Polyurethane biobased

The vitality of this field is further demonstrated by a continuous search for original ways of exploiting vegetable oils. Examples include self-healing elastomers in which fatty acids play a central role [46] the esterification of cellulose with fatty acids to give thermoplastic materials [47] the synthesis of a saturated aliphatic diisocyanate from oleic acid and its subsequent use in the preparation of fully biobased polyurethanes in conjunction with canola oil-derived polyols [48] and novel elastomers from the concurrent cationic and ring-opening metathesis polymerization of a modified linseed oil [49]. 

PBT from biobased BDO, PBS from biobased succinic acid), polyhydroxyaUcanoates (PHAs), biobased polyurethane (PUR), ceUulosic polymers, and emerging technologies for biobased polyamides (nylon). 

Badri, K. H. Biobased polyurethane from palm kernel oil-based polyol. In Polyurethanes, F. Zafar and E. Sharmin (Eds.), InTech Publication New York, pp. 447 70 (2012). 

In the recent past, there have been intense efforts aimed at developing alternatives to oil-based chemicals and polymers to reduce reliance on petroleum and namral gas (Stewart 2007). Biomass is the feedstock of the biobased economy, and, in practice, this means the use of com and soybeans (for polyurethanes), although the hope is to eventually utilize agricultural and forest residues. Enzymes or microbial action are employed to convert biomass into useful chemicals and plastics. All the major plastic companies have initiated research programs in this area (Reisch 2002). 

Hojabri, L. Kong, X. Narine, S. S. Fatty acid-derived diisocyanate and biobased polyurethane produced from vegetable oil, synthesis, polymerization and characterization. Biomacromolecules, 2009,10, 884-891. 

Bueno-Ferrer, C. Hablot, E. Garrigds, M. C. Bocchini, S. Averous, L. Jimenez, A. Relationship between morphology, properties and degradation parameters of novative biobased thermoplastic polyurethanes obtained from dimer fatty acids. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2012, 97(10), 1964-1969. 

Palaskar, DV Boyer, A Cloutet, E Alfos, C Cramail, H. Synthesis of biobased polyurethane from oleic and ricinoleic acids as the renewable resources via the AB-Type self-condensation approach. Biomacromolecules, 2010, 11, 1202-1211. 

S. Gogoi, N. Karak, Biobased biodegradable waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane as an ecofriendly sustainable material, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2 (2014) 2730-2738. F.M.B. Coutinho, M.C. Delpech, Waterborne anionic polyurethanes and poly (urethane-urea)s- influence of the chain extender on mechanical and adhesive properties, Polym. Test. 19 (2000) 939-952. 

B. Nohra, L. Candy, J.R Blanco, C. Guerin, Y. Raoul, Z. Mouloungui, From petrochemical polyurethanes to biobased polyhydroxyurethanes. Macromolecules 46 (May 28, 2013)3771-3792. 

C. Carre, L. Bonnet, L. Ayerous, Original biobased nonisocyanate polyurethanes solyent- and catalyst-free synthesis, thermal properties and rheological behaviour, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 54018-54025. 

Biobased Polyurethanes Reinforced with Nanocellulose Fibers... 

Floras et al. [63] dispersed nanocellulose in different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% by weight) into a completely biobased thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) derived entirely from oleic acid, using l,18-octadec-9-endiol (ODEDO), 1,7-heptamethylene diisocyanate (HPMDI), and 1,9-nonanediol (NDO), each synthesized entirely from vegetable oil [64-66]. In this case, the cellulose was extracted from... 

L. Hojabri, X. H. Kong, and S. S. Narine, Fatty Acid-Derived Diisocyanate and Biobased Polyurethane Pro duced from Vegetable Oil Synthesis, Polymerization, and Characterization. Biomacromolecules. 10, 884-891 (2009). 

Few examples of nanocomposites in which the cellulosic nanostructure is used in biobased thermosets can be also foimd. Due to the fact that these environment friendly composites suffer from several limitations, such as low mechanical properties due to low strength in reinforcement plus inadequate interfacial strength, and that cellulose nanostructures have been shown to have significant potential as a reinforcement, the possibility of using cellulose nanofibers as reinforcements in a bio-derived resin was revised. In Masoodi et al. [200], cellulose nanofibers were used as reinforcements in the forms of layered films, while in Lee et al. [201] the stability of the gas-soybean oil foam templates and the mechanical properties of the polymer nanocomposite foams are enhanced upon the addition of bacterial cellulose nanofibrils. Other examples of biobased thermosets containing cellulosic nanoreinforcements are the work of Shibata [202] in which the use of a biobased epoxy was revised, and systems in which cellulose nanocrystals are incorporated in biobased polyurethanes [203,204], Few examples exist also in the literature on the polymerization of furfuryl alcohol in presence of CNR [205,206] in these papers, the authors established the feasibility of producing furfuryl... 

Genomatica a Step Closer to Biobased Butanediol for Use in Polyesters and Polyurethanes, Plastics Today, June 15, 2011. 

Hatakeyama T, Izuta Y, Hirose S, Hatakeyama H (2002) Phase transitions of lignin-based polycaprolactones and their polyurethane derivatives. Polymer 43 177-1182 Hatakeyama H, Tanamachi N, Matsumura H, Hirose S, Hatakeyama T (2005) Biobased polyurethane composite foams with inorganic fillers studied by thermogravimetry. Thermochim Acta 431 155-160... 

Fan, H., A. Tekeei, G. J. Suppes, and F. H. Hsieh. 2012. Properties of biobased rigid polyurethane foams reinforced with fillers Microspheres and nanoclay. Inter J. Polym. Sci. Vol. 2012 Article ID 474803. 

From the reported results, we may conclude that saccharides, polysaccharides, and lignins can be used as useful components of biobased polymeric materials such as poly(e-caprolactone) and polyurethanes. Saccharides and lignins efficiently act as hard segments in the above polymers. It is possible to control the flexibility and stiffness of the prepared... 

DwanTsa JPL, Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal T, Kazemizadeh M. 2003. Novel Biobased Polyurethanes Synthesized from Soybean Phosphate Ester Polyols Thermomechanical Properties Evaluations. J Polym Environ 11(4) 161-168. 

Adipic acid Adipic acid is used to make nylon and several companies are working on biobased nylon manufacturing. Verdezyne is one of them, producing this nylon key component and thermoplastic polyurethanes by fermentahon with Candida tropicalis with renewable plant oils as carbon and energy source. 

Biobased polyurethanes Synthetic Natural Polymers (Durham, NC, USA) UJ 4 ... 

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