Polystyrene terpolymer

A reversible succession of order-order and order-disorder transition was observed for a poly(ethylene-a/f-propylene)- -poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-polystyrene terpolymer, which shows at room temperature non-hexagonally packed PS cylinders. Upon heating, this system reorganizes to a hexagonally packed one, and at higher temperatures dynamic-mechanical analysis indicates the transition to the disordered state [73],... 

Figure 16.28 Thermal energy required to heat thermoformable amorphous and crystalline polymers to their respective forming temperatures. HOPE, High density polyethylene at 960 kg/m MDPE, Medium-density polyethylene at 945 kg/m LDPE, Low-density polyethylene at 920 kg/m POM,- Polyoxymethylene PA-6, Polycaprolactam or polyamide PP, Homopolymer polypropylene, PS, General purpose polystyrene MIPS, Medium-impact or rubber-modified polystyrene ABS, Polyacrylonitrile-polybutadiene-polystyrene terpolymer PMMA, Polymethylmethacrylate FPVC, Flexible polyvinyl chloride RPVC, Rigid polyvinyl chloride.

Occasionally polymers are used to increase the viscosity of oil-base and synthetic-base muds. The polymers for this use are typically sulfonated polystyrenes or ethylene—propylene terpolymers (EPDM) (54,55). Such polymers are usually used in conjunction with an organopbilic clay. 

Over 70% of the total volume of thermoplastics is accounted for by the commodity resins polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) (1) (see Olefin polymers Styrene plastics Vinyl polymers). They are made in a variety of grades and because of their low cost are the first choice for a variety of appHcations. Next in performance and in cost are acryhcs, ceUulosics, and acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene (ABS) terpolymers (see... 

Property Polystyrene (PS) Poly(styrene-i) (j-acrjio-nitrile ) (SAN) Glass-fil led PS High impact PS HIPS Acrylonitrile— butadiene—styrene terpolymer (ABS) Type 1 Type 2 Standard ABS Super ABS... 

In the case of EVOH being used as an interlayer with polyethylene or polystyrene, it is necessary to use additional adhesive layers such as an ethylene-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride terpolymer (e.g. Orevac— Atochem). 

SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are employed to examine materials for the presence and distribution of impact modifiers such as polybutadiene rubber in high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and methacrylate butadiene styrene terpolymer in PVC. Quantification is either by transmission IR spectroscopy against standards or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 

The isoprene units in the copolymer impart the ability to crosslink the product. Polystyrene is far too rigid to be used as an elastomer but styrene copolymers with 1,3-butadiene (SBR rubber) are quite flexible and rubbery. Polyethylene is a crystalline plastic while ethylene-propylene copolymers and terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and diene (e.g., dicyclopentadiene, hexa-1,4-diene, 2-ethylidenenorborn-5-ene) are elastomers (EPR and EPDM rubbers). Nitrile or NBR rubber is a copolymer of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene. Vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene and olefin-acrylic ester copolymers and 1,3-butadiene-styrene-vinyl pyridine terpolymer are examples of specialty elastomers. 

By using a combination of RAFT and ring opening polymerization (ROP), (polyethylene oxide) methyl ether)(polystyrene)(poly(L-lactide) 3-miktoarm star terpolymers have been successfully synthesized [182]. The synthetic approach involved the reaction of the cw-functionalized - OH group of the poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether with maleic anhydride under conditions where only one hydroxyl group can be esterified (MPEO). The double bond... 

By utilizing a combination of RAFT and cationic ROP, the synthesis of [poly(methyl methacrylate)][poly(l,3-dioxepane)][polystyrene] miktoarm star terpolymers was achieved [182], The approach involved the synthesis of PS functionalized with a dithiobenzoate group by RAFT polymerization and subsequent reaction with hydroxyethylene cinnamate (Scheme 98). The newly created hydroxyl group was then used for the cationic ring opening polymerization of 1,3-dioxepane (DOP). The remaining dithiobenzoate group was used for the RAFT polymerization of methyl methacrylate. 

A systematic comparative study of triblock terpolymers in the bulk and thin-film state was carried out on polystyrene-fo-poly(2-vinyl pyridine)-b-poly(ferf-bulyl methacrylate), PS-fr-P2VP-fr-PfBMA. A diblock precursor with a minority of PS leading to a double gyroid structure was used. Upon increase of PfBMA content this morphology changed from lamellae with... 

Some work has been done on blends of ABC and AB or AC or AB C block copolymers, such as polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-h-PB-fc-PMMA) triblock terpolymers with PS-h-PB or PB-h-PMMA or other systems. Besides known morphologies for these block copolymers (though at other overall compositions with respect to the different chemical... 

An interesting way to prepare shock-resistant coatings [381] follows the synthesis of the ABS-terpolymers, e.g. shock-resistant polystyrene, where a soft, elastomeric phase is incorporated in a hard polymer matrix via covalent bonds. Because organic coatings solidify in situ, elastomeric microgels have been synthesized and mixed to a binder which forms the hard matrix phase before the application of this mixture as a coating material. 

Terpolymer ethylene, propylene, diene Expandable (or Expanded) Polystyrene Environmental Stress Cracking Electrostatic Discharge Ethylene-TetraEluoroEthylene Ethylene-VinylAcetate copolymers... 

Polycarbonate is blended with a number of polymers including PET, PBT, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS) rubber, and styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer. The blends have lower costs compared to polycarbonate and, in addition, show some property improvement. PET and PBT impart better chemical resistance and processability, ABS imparts improved processability, and SMA imparts better retention of properties on aging at high temperature. Poly(phenylene oxide) blended with high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) (polybutadiene-gra/f-polystyrene) has improved toughness and processability. The impact strength of polyamides is improved by blending with an ethylene copolymer or ABS rubber. 

The polymer samples studied here fall into three distinct categories. Data from two sample populations have been combined in the SAN copolymer study. A group of SAN materials having compositions ranging from 42 (wt)% AN to 82% AN were polymerized and characterized quite some time ago (1972), with intrinsic viscosities determined only in DMF. Very recently, a second group of SAN s with compositions from 5 (wt)% to 48% AN, as well as one sample of polystyrene (0% AN), were polymerized and characterized, with intrinsic viscosities determined in DMF, THF, and MEK. These two populations are differentiated in the Results section by the designations "old data" and "new data". The third category of samples is that of S/MA copolymers and S/MA/MM terpolymers, with intrinsic viscosities measured only in MEK. 

St and divinylbenzene (DVB) were polymerized in a dispersion of acryl-amide-methacrylic acid-methylenebisacrylamide terpolymer particles (25). Fine polystyrene particles were formed in/on each seed terpolymer particle. The former was smaller by about one-twentieth than the latter. The distribution of polystyrene particles depended on the cross-link density. Different amounts of St and DVB were charged in the seeded polymerization, and the resulting composite particles were used for protein adsorption measurement to assess the hydrophobicity of the particle surface. The adsorbed amount was almost proportional to the amount of St and DVB charged. In contrast, cells were less stimulated by the 5% St-containing particle than by the 0% St-containing one, that is, the seed particle. This phenomenon is attributed to selective protein adsorption on the 5% St-containing particle (26). 

As of 1992, the first specialty platable plastic, acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene (ABS) terpolymer (see Acrylonitrile polymers, abs resins), is used in over 90% of POP applications. Other platable plastics include poly(phenylene ether) (see Polyethers), nylon (see Polyamides), polysulfone (see Polymers containing sulfur), polypropylene, polycarbonate, phenolics (see Pphenolic resins), polycarbonate—ABS alloys, polyesters (qv), foamed polystyrene (see Styrene plastics), and other foamed plastics (qv). 

The experimental studies on phase behavior and pattern formation reviewed here have been done on substrate-supported films of cylinder-forming polystyrene- foc -polybutadiene diblock (SB) [36, 43, 51, 111-114] and triblock (SBS) [49, 62, 115-117] copolymers (Table 1), lamella-forming polystyrene- /ocfc-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) diblock copolymers (SV) [118, 119] and ABC block terpolymers of various compositions [53, 63, 120-131], In simulation studies, a spring and bid model of ABA Gaussian chains has been used (see Sect. 2) [36,42, 58, 59],... 

In order to overcome the build-up of these stresses, the addition of triblock terpolymers as compatibilizing agents with an elastomeric middle block and end blocks of PS and PMMA, respectively, appears advantageous. One example is the use of polystyrene-Wocfc-poly(l,4-butadiene)-W0cfc-poly(methyl methacrylate)... 

SBM) as a compatibilizer. As a result of the particular thermodynamic interaction between the relevant blocks and the blend components, a discontinuous and nanoscale distribution of the elastomer at the interface, the so-called raspberry morphology, is observed (Fig. 15). Similar morphologies have also been observed when using triblock terpolymers with hydrogenated middle blocks (polystyrene-W<9ck-poly(ethylene-C0-butylene)-Wock-poly(methyl methacrylate), SEBM). It is this discontinuous interfacial coverage by the elastomer as compared to a continuous layer which allows one to minimize the loss in modulus and to ensure toughening of the PPE/SAN blend [69],... 

Another widely used copolymer is high impact polystyrene (PS-HI), which is formed by grafting polystyrene to polybutadiene. Again, if styrene and butadiene are randomly copolymerized, the resulting material is an elastomer called styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR). Another classic example of copolymerization is the terpolymer acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Polymer blends belong to another family of polymeric materials which are made by mixing or blending two or more polymers to enhance the physical properties of each individual component. Common polymer blends include PP-PC, PVC-ABS, PE-PTFE and PC-ABS. 

New terpolymers of vinyl acetate with ethylene and carbon monoxide have been prepared and their uses as additives to improve the curing and flexibility of coating resins, eg, nitrocellulose, asphalt, phenolics, and polystyrene, have been described (130—132). Vinyl acetate and vinylidene cyanide form highly alternating copolymers. 

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