Polystyrene-butadiene, high impact

D. Li, H. Xia, J. Peng, M. Zhai, G. Wei, J. Li, and J. Qiao, Radiation preparation of nano-powdered styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and its toughening effect for polystyrene and high-impact polystyrene, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 76(11-12) 1732-1735, November-December 2007. 

Note ABS, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene EPS, expandable polystyrene HIPS, high-impact polystyrene PA, polyamide PBT, poly(butylene)terephthalate PC, polycarbonate PE, polyethylene PET, poly(ethylene)terephthalate PP, polypropylene PUR, polyurethane PVC, polyvinylchloride UPE, unsaturated polyester Textile, textile application. 

To improve the properties of PLA, plasticizers, special additives such as chain-extenders, polymer blends, and composites are commonly investigated. Martin and Averous (10) have studied the effects of various plasticizers on the properties of PLA. Pilla et al. (11-12) have investigated the effects of chain-extenders on the foaming properties of PLA. In addition, a vast number of studies have been conducted to enhance the properties of PLA by blending it with various polymers such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), polyvinyl acetate, polyolefins, polystyrene, HIPS (high impact polystyrene), polyacetals, polycarbonate, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) (13-26). 

LDPE, Low density polyethylene LLDPE, Linear low density polyethylene HDPE, High density polyethylene PP, Polypropylene PVC, Polyvinyl chloride GPS, General purpose polystyrene HIPS, High impact polystyrene SAN, Styrene acrylonitrile ABS, Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene PC, Polycarbonate PA, Polyamide PET, Polyethylene terephthalate. 

Polymers derived from polystyrene but having alkyl or aryl groups substituted at the benzene ring were synthesized in an effort to improve some of polystyrene properties such as the impact resistance and obtain qualities similar to those achieved using copolymers with 1,3-butadiene (high impact polystyrene or HIPS). The polymers included In this class are poly(3-methylstyrene), poly(4-methylstyrene) CAS 24936-41-2, poly(4-phenylstyrene) CAS 25232-08-0 [115], as well as poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) CAS 28406-56-6. Some of the reports regarding thermal decomposition of these polymers are summarized in Table 6.2.10. 

Figure 2. Dynamic Young s modulus E of polystyrene (PS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), separated gel, and crosslinked poly-butadiene rubber. Data from Ref. 17.

A number of important commercial resins are manufactured by suspension polymerization, including poly(vinyl chloride) and copolymers, styrene resins [general purpose polystyrene, EPS, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) (SAN), poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS), styrenic ion-exchange resins], poly(methyl methacrylate) and copolymers, and poly(vinyl acetate). However, some of these polymers rather use a mass-suspension process, in which the polymerization starts as a bulk one and, at certain conversion, water and suspending agents are added to the reactor to form a suspension and continue the polymerization in this way up to high conversions. No continuous suspension polymerization process is known to be employed on a... 

Dow Styron Magnum Styrofoam Polystyrene and high impact polystyrene Acrylonitrile-butadiene-st5n ene terpolymer Polyst5n ene foam... 

Polystyrene and Styrolux general purpose polystyrene (GPPS) high impact polystyrene (HIPS) styrene/butadiene-block copolymer (S/B/S). BASF 2011. 

To achieve more uniform nanotube dispersion in composites, Haggenmueller et al. [59] developed an alternative melt mixing method consisting of a combined solution-evaporation technique to prepare a thin SWNT-polymer film followed by repeated compression molding of the latter. The resulting product was reported to yield compositionally uniform films. Using a small batch mixer, adequately dispersed nanotube composites from polypropylene, poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), polystyrene, and high impact polystyrene have been prepared [60]. 

In 1976 Unitika Ltd, Japan, first presented the potential flame retardant properties of polyamide 6 (PA6)/layered silicate nanocomposites. However, not until more recent studies did the serious evaluation of the flammability properties of these materials begin when Gilman et al. reported detailed investigations on flame retardant properties of PA6/layered silicate nanocomposite. From this pioneering work many attempts have been made to study the flammability properties of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites. A wide range of polymers has been employed to provide either intercalated or exfoliated nanocomposites, which exhibit enhanced fire retardant properties. These include various thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, such as polystyrene (PS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polymethyl methacrilate (PMMA), " polypropylene 14,15,19-22 polyethylene is, 19,23-27 poly(ethylene-... 

Property Polystyrene (PS) Poly(styrene-i) (j-acrjio-nitrile ) (SAN) Glass-fil led PS High impact PS HIPS Acrylonitrile— butadiene—styrene terpolymer (ABS) Type 1 Type 2 Standard ABS Super ABS... 

Cheap moulded objects. Toughened with butadiene to moke high-impact polystyrene (FIIPS). Foamed with CO2 to moke common packaging. 

High-impact polystyrene (polystyrene modified with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) or polybutadiene rubber). 

Polystyrene (PS) The volume of expanded polystyrene produced probably exceeds the volume production of all other plastics (excluding the polyurethanes) put together. At least half the weight of polystyrene produced is in the form of high impact polystyrene (HIPS)—a complex blend containing styrene-butadiene rubber or polybutadiene. 

Polystyrene One of the high volume plastics, is relatively low in cost, easy to process, has sparkling clarity, and low water absorption. But basic form (crystal PS) is brittle, with low heat and chemical resistance, poor weather resistance. High impact polystyrene is made with butadiene modifiers provides significant improvements in impact strength and elongation over crystal polystyrene, accompanied by a loss of transparency and little other property improvement. PS is used in many different formulations. 

In a block copolymer, a long segment made from one monomer is followed by a segment formed from the other monomer. One example is the block copolymer formed from styrene and butadiene. Pure polystyrene is a transparent, brittle material that is easily broken polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber that is very resilient, but soft and opaque. A block copolymer of the two monomers produces high-impact polystyrene, a material that is a durable, strong, yet transparent plastic. A different formulation of the two polymers produces styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), which is used mainly for automobile tires and running shoes, but also in chewing gum. 

Transition from liquid behavior to solid behavior has been reported with fine particle suspensions with increased filler content in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. Industrially important classes are rubber-modified polymer melts (small rubber particles embedded in a polymer melt), e.g. ABS (acrylo-nitrile-butadiene-styrene) or HIPS (high-impact polystyrene) and fiber-reinforced polymers. Another interesting suspension is present in plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC) at low temperatures, when suspended PVC particles are formed in the melt [96], The transition becomes evident in the following... 

An important class of copolymers made by chain copolymerisation is graft copolymers, synthesized in order to toughen brittle materials through inclusion of a rubber phase. Examples are the cases of styrenic copolymers called "HIPS" for High-Impact Polystyrene and ABS for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene. Both are synthesized in two steps. 

SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are employed to examine materials for the presence and distribution of impact modifiers such as polybutadiene rubber in high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and methacrylate butadiene styrene terpolymer in PVC. Quantification is either by transmission IR spectroscopy against standards or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 

SB for butadiene rubber-modified polystyrene or HIPS (high-impact polystyrene)... 

High-impact grades present better impact resistances even at low temperature, higher flexibility and environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR). The butadiene-styrene block copolymers are transparent but the alloys made of polystyrene and polybutadiene are not. 

The concept is similar to the grafting of plants in botany. To form a styrene-butadiene graft polymer, already polymerized butadiene is dissolved in monomeric styrene and an initiator is added. Because polybutadiene readily undergoes chain transfer at the allylic sites, polystyrene chains grow on the polybutadiene backbone. This forms high impact polystyrene, a low cost plastic that is otherwise too brittle without the grafting. 

Polycarbonate is blended with a number of polymers including PET, PBT, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS) rubber, and styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer. The blends have lower costs compared to polycarbonate and, in addition, show some property improvement. PET and PBT impart better chemical resistance and processability, ABS imparts improved processability, and SMA imparts better retention of properties on aging at high temperature. Poly(phenylene oxide) blended with high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) (polybutadiene-gra/f-polystyrene) has improved toughness and processability. The impact strength of polyamides is improved by blending with an ethylene copolymer or ABS rubber. 

High-impact polystyrene (HIPS) is produced by polymerizing styrene in the presence of a rubber, usually poly(l,3-butadiene). HIPS has improved impact resistance compared to polystyrene and competes with ABS products at low-cost end applications such as fast-food cups, lids, takeout containers, toys, kitchen appliances, and personal-care product containers. HIPS as well as ABS and SMA are used in physical blends with other polymers, such as polycarbonates, polyesters, and polyamides, to improve impact resistance (Sec. 2-13c-3). 

Although this method yields a mixture of homopolymer and graft copolymer, and probably also ungrafted backbone polymer, some of the systems have commercial utility. These are high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) [styrene polymerized in the presence of poly(l,3-buta-diene)], ABS and MBS [styrene-acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate-styrene, respectively, copolymerized in the presence of either poly(l,3-butadiene) or SBR] (Sec. 6-8a). 

The term graft copolymer is used to describe copolymers with long sequences of another monomer (comonomer) as branches on the main polymer chain. Most commercial varieties of high-impact polystyrene (HIP) and copolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene (ABS) are graft copolymen in which the main polymer chain is polybutadiene and the branches are styrene, or styrene and acrylonitrile. Figure 1.12 shows various types of copolymers. 

As of this date, there is no lithium or alkyl-lithium catalyzed polyisoprene manufactured by the leading synthetic rubber producers- in the industrial nations. However, there are several rubber producers who manufacture alkyl-lithium catalyzed synthetic polybutadiene and commercialize it under trade names like "Diene Rubber"(Firestone) "Soleprene"(Phillips Petroleum), "Tufdene"(Ashai KASA Japan). In the early stage of development of alkyl-lithium catalyzed poly-butadiene it was felt that a narrow molecular distribution was needed to give it the excellent wear properties of polybutadiene. However, it was found later that its narrow molecular distribution, coupled with the purity of the rubber, made it the choice rubber to be used in the reinforcement of plastics, such as high impact polystyrene. Till the present time, polybutadiene made by alkyl-lithium catalyst is, for many chemical and technological reasons, still the undisputed rubber in the reinforced plastics applications industries. 

B.J. Jody, B. Arman, D.E. Karvelas, J.A. Pomykala, Jr., and E.J. Daniels, Method for the separation of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastics, US Patent 5 653867, assigned to The University of Chicago (Chicago, IL), August 5,1997. 

The polymers described above have been chemically pure, although physically helerodisperse. It is oflen possible lo combine two or more of these monomers in the same molecule to form a copolymer. This process produces still further modification of molecular properties and, in turn, modification of the physical properties of file product. Many commercial polymers are copolymers because of the blending of properties achieved in this way. For example, one of the important new polymers of the past ten years has been the family of copolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene, commonly called ABS resins. The production of these materials has grown rapidly in a short period of time because of their combination of dimensional stability and high impact resistance. These properties are related to the impact resistance of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and the dimensional stability of polystyrene, which are joined in the same molecule. 

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