Plastics, cost

Poly(vinyl chloride). To be converted into film, poly(viayl chloride) [9002-86-22] (PVC) must be modified with heat stabilizers and plasticizers, which increase costs. Plasticized PVC film is highly transparent and soft, with a very high gas-permeation rate. Water-vapor transmission rate is relatively low. At present, PVC film is produced by blown-film extmsion, although casting and calendering are employed for heavier gauges (see Vinyl POLYAffiRS). 

Polyethylene is the lowest-cost plastic commercially available. Mechanical properties are generally poor, particularly above 50°C (120°F), ana pipe must be hilly supported. Carbon-filled grades are resistant to sunlight and weathering. 

This is used most often in process plants. It is a tough, low-cost material with probably the widest range of chemical resistance of any of the low-cost plastics. On a volume basis, PVC is more favorable than polypropylene because the modulus of PVC is considerably higher than that of polypropylene, so it will form more rigid structures when used at the same thickness. On a weight basis it is not as favorable as PVC because it has a specific gravity of 1.4 compared with 0.92 for polypropylene. 

Boron CVD High strength High modulus High cost Plastic and metal composites... 

The concept is similar to the grafting of plants in botany. To form a styrene-butadiene graft polymer, already polymerized butadiene is dissolved in monomeric styrene and an initiator is added. Because polybutadiene readily undergoes chain transfer at the allylic sites, polystyrene chains grow on the polybutadiene backbone. This forms high impact polystyrene, a low cost plastic that is otherwise too brittle without the grafting. 

The different techniques used in solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis, such as the low-cost plastic syringe technique or the multiple column technique, and also one type of fully automated synthesis, have been reviewed by Peters et al.1181... 

Sanders, B. Cheap, plastic solar cells may be on the horizon, thanks to new technology developed by UC Berkeley, LBNL chemists. UC Berkeley Press Release, March 28,2002, http //berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/03/28 solar. html Heeger, A.J. Frontiers of science lecture Low-cost plastic solar cells, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, January 29,2009. 

Markarian Compounders look to simulation software for savings in time and costs , Plastics Additives Compounding, March/April 2005... 

The good compatibility of PS and polyphenylene ether (PPE) has been used for a long time to make blends that even with a PS content in excess of 50wt% still count as modified PPE. The addition of PPE results in the increase of PS s heat resistance that can be raised to the same range as that for ABS. Result is a lower cost plastic. 

In contrast to the small molecules, polymers can be processed easily from solution and therefore are useful for applications on flexible plastic substrates and in multilayer device configurations. However, solution-processed polymer films are inherently more disordered than in case of molecular FETs. It can be concluded from the above results that conjugated polymer based FETs are much cheaper than Si based device. However, the slow response and limited lifetime of the device restrict them to replace current Si technology. Nevertheless, the possibility of making flexible and flat panel with conjugated polymers open a new area of large-area low-cost plastic electronics [10]. 

Regenesys uses DuPont s Nafion (Section 6.1.7) as the perm-selective sodium ion transfer membrane, separating the two half cells. Figure 2.1. Diffusion of sodium ions in the concentration difference across the Nafion membrane is one of the irreversibilities of the system. The low-cost plastic (e.g. polyethylene) tanks and pipework are treated with fluorine to provide bromine resistance, and are able to operate with, and contain, both electrolytes at ambient temperature. 

MPS-500 [Occidental]. TM for a stabilized chlorinated ester of a fatty acid. A viscous, light-yellow liquid recommended as a low-cost plasticizer for polyvinyl-chloride formulations. 

It is this new generation of solar photon conversion devices that are covered in this book. They are less highly developed than those described in Volumes 1 and 2 of this series, bnt their promise is at least as great. That promise is two-fold on the one hand highly efficient devices with sophisticated architectures in which the Shockley-Queisser limit on efficiency is finally overcome, and on the other very low-cost plastic or organic-based devices that are cheap enough to be disposable. 

Random packings are fabricated from a wide variety of materials. Originally, most were made of ceramic and were popular for corrosive services despite their friability. Today, polypropylene is widely used to provide a bed that offers light weight, reasonable resistance to corrosion by many fluids, and low cost. Plastic random packings are often suitable where dissolved volatile organic componnds (VOCs) are to be removed from groundwaters. 

Had these and other basic relationships of composition and chain configuration to polymer properties been well understood fifty years ago, we could visualize a polymer chemist of that day—a day when Bakelite was well known but polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were novelties—setting out deliberately to design and synthesize a new high-utility, general-purpose, low-cost plastic with the aid of these principles. 

The major drawback of these materials is their high price, currently 15 to 22 per kg. However, to maximize performance at acceptable cost, thin LCP layers can be coextruded with less costly plastics. The price is expected to drop as use and production increases, perhaps to as low as 11 per kg. Blends and alloys with other... 

Use FALLO approach. Reevaluate all parameters used from part design (use less plastic), use lower costs plastic with similiar processing costs (or plastic with higher cost-processes faster-results In total lower cost), check hardware performance, S other parameters described in the IM HANDBOOK. 

Jl-11] Verespej M. Even going green requires cutting costs. Plastics News [trade journal—Crain Communications] 22 December 2008. 

WPC masterbatch reduces additive costs. Plastics Addit Compound [trade journal—Elsevier Ltd.] September/October 2006. 

Cost Plastics are the most cost effective medium of packaging when compared with any other material, the cost of transportation is reduced considerable on account of lower weight and less damage... 

BaUat J et al. (2005), Recent development of solar cells on low-cost plastic substrates, In Proceedings of the 20th EU Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1529-1532... 

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