Reduced-graphene oxide

G. Eda, G. Fanchini, M. Chhowalla, Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material, Nature Nanotechnology, 3 (2 0 08) 270-274. 

C.-Y. Su, Y. Xu, W. Zhang, J. Zhao, X. Tang, C.-H. Tsai, et al., Electrical and spectroscopic characterizations of ultra-large reduced graphene oxide monolayers, Chemistry of Materials, 21 (2009) 5674-5680. 

H.A. Becerril, J. Mao, Z. Liu, R.M. Stoitenberg, Z. Bao, Y. Chen, Evaluation of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide films as transparent conductors, ACS Nano, 2 (2008)... 

Electronic transport properties of individual chemically reduced graphene oxide sheets, Nano Letters, 7 (2007) 3499-3503. 

K. Erickson, R. Erni, Z. Lee, N. Alem, W. Gannett, A. Zettl, Determination of the local chemical structure of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, Adv. Mater, vol. 22, pp. 446Z-4472, 2010. 

C. Gomez-Navarro, R. T. Weitz, A. M. Bittner, M. Scolari, A. Mews, M. Burghard, K. Kern, Electronic transport properties of individual chemically reduced graphene oxide sheets, Nano Lett., vol. 7, pp. 3499-3503, 2007. 

Shin, Oxidation resistance of iron and copper foils coated with reduced graphene oxide multilayers, Acs Nano, vol. 6, pp. 7763-7769, 2012. 

Fernandez-Merino, M.J., et al., Investigating the influence of surfactants on the stabilization of aqueous reduced graphene oxide dispersions and the characteristics of their composite films. Carbon, 2012. 50(9) p. 3184-3194. 

Wang, J., et al., Reduced graphene oxide/ZnO Composite Reusable adsorbent for pollutant management. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces, 2012. 4(6) p. 3084-3090. 

Mani, V., B. Devadas, and S.-M. Chen, Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase at electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid material modified electrode for glucose biosensor. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2012. 41 p. 309-315. 

Zhang, J., et ah, Noble metal-free reduced graphene oxide-ZnxCdl-xS nanocomposite with enhanced solar photocatalytic h2-production performance. Nano betters, 2012.12(9) ... 

Ultrasonic exfoliation of graphite oxide and subsequent chemical reduction has been used to prepare reduced graphene oxide (rGO) [17]. This is a viable method for... 

Fig. 8.2 Plot of increase in modulus against volume fraction for a wide variety of nanocarbon/poly-mer systems. Volume fractions calculated from reported mass fractions assuming specific gravities of 1.8, 2.1 and 1 for CNT, graphene and matrix, respectively. Short fiber data from [16] and [17]. Moduli of individual layer graphene (lTPa) and reduced-graphene oxide (250GPa) included for reference.

Zhan Z, Zheng L, Pan Y, Sun G, Li L. Self-powered, visible light photodetector based on thermally reduced graphene oxide-ZnO(rGO-ZnO) hybrid nanostructure, J Mater. Chem. 

Iwase, A. Ng, Y. H. Ishiguro, Y. Kudo, A. Amal, R., Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Solid-State Electron Mediator in Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Visible Light./. 

Eda G, Lin Y, Miller S et al (2008) Transparent and conducting electrodes for organic electronics from reduced graphene oxide. Appl Phys Lett 92 233305/1-233305/3... 

Yin Z, Wu S, Zhou X et al (2010) Electrochemical deposition of ZnO nanorods on transparent reduced graphene oxide electrodes for hybrid solar cells. Small 6 307-312... 

Mativetsky JM, Treossi E, Orgiu E, Melucci M, Veronese GP, Samori P, Palermo V (2010) Local current mapping and patterning of reduced graphene oxide. J Am Chem Soc 132 14130-... 

Zhang BQ, Ning W, Liu CY et al (2010) Stable dispersions of reduced graphene oxide in ionic liquids. J Mater Chem 20 5401-5403... 

I-J) Reproduced with permission from reference Chen, A., Wang, H., Li, X., 2005. One-step process to fabricate Ag-polypyrrole coaxial nanocables. Chem. Common. 1863-1864. Copyright 2005, Royal Society of Chemistry. (K) Reproduced with permission from reference Yin, J., Chang, R., Shui, Y, Zhao, X., 2013. Preparation and enhanced electro-responsive characteristic of reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole composite sheet suspensions Soft Matter 9, 7468-7478, Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry. (L-M) Reproduced with permission from reference Wang,... 

Yin, J., Chang, R., Shui, Y, Zhao, X., 2013. Preparation and enhanced electro-responsive characteristic of reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole composite sheet suspensions. Soft Matter 9,7468-7478. 

However, the electrical conductivity of the carbon nanomaterials is vulnerable to degradation due to the inefficient dispersion in a large-scale actuator. To this end, some metallic additives have been incorporated into the carbon-based electrode to enhance the electrical conductivity and actuation stability For instance, for the IPMC actuator where the reduced graphene oxide was used as electrode, the electrical conductivity of the electrodes could be efficiently improved after introduction of Ag nanoparticles (Fig. 8.2E) (Lu et al., 2013). As a result, both the actuation frequency and stability could be improved. Upon application of a low voltage of 1V, the actuator could be driven at a wide frequency range (0.01-10 Hz), and no obvious decrease in displacement was observed over 500 cycles of actuation. 

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