Other Related Polymers

Hyperbranched poly(ferrocenylsilyne)s have been prepared by the reaction of Ijl -dilithioferrocene with alkyltrichlorosilanes or vinyltrichlorosilane (Fig. 8.28) [59]. Although polymers with short side-chains were found to be insoluble in common organic solvents, those with longer side-chains were freely soluble. 

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COLUMNS FOR OTHER RELATED POLYMER SEPARATION OR FRACTIONATION TECHNIQUES... 

The name Nylon was given by the Du Pont company of America to their first synthetic condensation polymer formed by the reaction of difuncfional acids with difuncfional amines, ft had been made as part of the fundamental programme of W. H. Carothers to investigate the whole topic of polymerisation. The term has gradually been extended to other related polymers. These materials are strictly polyamides, but this term includes that otherwise distinct class of natural macromolecules, the proteins. The term nylon is retained for its usefulness in distinguishing synthetic polyamides from the broader class of such polymers. 

Following these early solid-state investigations, 1,907 nm EFISHG studies by Tam and co-workers on several complexes [W(CO)5L] (L = py or a 4-substituted py) quote (3 values similar to that of 4-nitroaniline (ca. 10 x 10-30 esu) and sensitive to the nature of the pyridyl substituent.67-69 These results were quickly followed by ZINDO/SCI-SOS calculations on the same series of complexes by Kanis et al.70 the first time that MO theory had been used to describe the quadratic NLO responses of metal complexes. The results of these calculations agree reasonably well with the EFISHG data, and indicate that the modest (3 responses can be traced to relatively small Ap12 values.70 Lacroix et al. obtained low 1,064 nm SHG activities by corona poling films of poly (4-vinylpyridine) and of two other related polymers functionalized with W(CO)5 centers.71... 

If PIB or other related polymers are not soluble in the oil at room temperature, they have little effect on the viscosity of the oil under these conditions. However, if these polymers are soluble in hot oil, they will typically increase the viscosity of the hot oil and can be used as viscosity improvers. 

Note finally that, due to its high specificity and sensitivity to the local degree of constraints in a rubbery material, 2H NMR has been used to obtain a spatial map of the constraints in a material by imaging techniques [106,107]. These experiments are described in another chapter of this book. 2H NMR has been used as well to investigate other related polymer systems, such as gels [108], thermosets [109], fibres [110, 111, 112, 113] and various solid (glassy and/or semi crystalline) polymers [114]. 

Nation ionomers are produced by copolymerization of a perfluorinated vinyl ether comonomer with tetrafluoroethylene resulting in the chemical structure shown in Figure 8.25 [162,166], This polymer and other related polymers consist of perfluorinated, hydrophobic, backbones that give chemical stability to the material. The material also contains sulfonated, hydrophilic, side groups that make hydration possible in the acidic regions, and also allow the transport of protons at low temperatures, since the higher limit of temperature is determined by the humidification of the membrane, since water is a sine qua non for conduction [166], The material exhibits a proton conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at 80°C [162], The membrane performance is then based on the hydrophilic character of the sulfonic acid groups, which allow proton transport when hydrated while the hydrophobic... 

Polyacetylene contains conjugated double bonds in a linear structure [51-54], which leads to special electrical conductivity properties. For this reason, polyacetylene and some other related polymers have applications in the optical and electronic industries. Pojyacetylene synthesized at relatively low temperature seems to have a cis-conformation, with two possible cis- forms indicated as c/s-transoid, and frans-cisoid, as shown below ... 

Other related polymers are formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the monomer ethene with a chemical group of atoms, represented by X. Hence the formula of the monomer becomes CH2=CHX when one hydrogen is replaced. The... 

At temperatures above 800 °C, PPV can be converted into graphite [79,80], The electrical conductivity of PPV that is pyrolyzed at 3000 °C is strongly influenced by stretching. By doping with sulfur trioxide a conductivity of 10 S cm is reached, which is comparable to that of a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite or natural graphite. Another study [81] in which PPV and other related polymers are pyrolyzed up to 1700 °C reports an electric conductivity of... 

The polymer [NP(0CH2CH20CH2CH20CH3)2]n is a eompletely amorphous polymer with a Tg of -84 °C. This polymer as well as other related polymers of the above type can be complexed with lithium salts such as LiCFsSOs, L1BF4, LiC104 etc., to afford polymer-salt complexes. Essentially the etheroxy side-chain-containing polymers act as solvents and the metal salt dissolves in the polymer to afford a solid solution. The ionic conductivities of such polymers are quite promising (lO -lO Scm" ) [21, 38]. Such polymer-salt complexes have been shown to be semiconducting. 

Following are some structures that exemplify products that will be encountered in this review. The polyamines (structures drawn with a dibutyltin central moiety 1), polyethers, 2, polythioethers, and other related polymers feature a tetrahedral tin. 

Vinyl resins are the second largest class of industrial polymers, accounting for about 10 billion lb or 16 percent of domestic resin sales. This class includes poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), the poly(vinyl ethers), and a numbet of other related polymers and copolymers. 

A series of tetradentate pyridyl-imine terminated Schiff-bases, bis(pyridyl-imine) terminated siloxane and other related polymers, can be used as ligands to host copper(II) ions. These CuBr2/polyL/TEMPO catalytic systems (polyL stands for polydimethylsiloxane derived pyridyl-imine terminated ligand) are effective for aerobic oxidations of primary and secondary alcohols under aqueous conditions. Chiral N,0-Hgands, e.g., inexpensive L-proline, can also be used to prepare copper catalysts that are particularly effective for the oxidation of sterically hindered, allylic or heterocyclic alcohols such as l-(3-pyridyl)ethanol, l-(2-furfuryl)ethanol. 

The polymerization of substituted dichlorobenzenes (equation 56) has been extensively utilized for the synthesis of PPP 182-190) and other related polymers 183J87J89J9U92). 

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