Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons determining

Babich H, Sardana MK. Borenfreund E. 1988. Acute cytotoxicities of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons determined in vitro wWn the human liver tumor cell line, HepG2. Cell Biol Toxicol 4(3) 295-309. 

The Determination of 6 Specific Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Waters [Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,Thin-layer Chromatography], 1985... 

Standardization. Standardization in analytical chemistry, in which standards are used to relate the instrument signal to compound concentration, is the critical function for determining the relative concentrations of species In a wide variety of matrices. Environmental Standard Reference Materials (SRM s) have been developed for various polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH s). Information on SRM s can be obtained from the Office of Standard Reference Materials, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899. Summarized in Table VII, these SRM s range from "pure compounds" in aqueous and organic solvents to "natural" matrices such as shale oil and urban and diesel particulate materials. 

Another useful standard Is SRM 1647, priority pollutant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (in acetonitrile). It can be used to calibrate liquid chromatographic Instruments (retention times. Instrument response), to determine percent recoveries, and to fortify aqueous samples with known PAH concentrations. Figure 8 Illustrates the HPLC separation and UV detection (fluorescence is also used extensively) for the 16 priority pollutants. 

May, W. E., Wasik, S. P., Freeman, D. H. (1978a) Determination of the aqueous solubility of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by a coupled-column liquid chromatographic technique. Anal. Chem. 50, 175-179. 

Sonnefeld, W. J., Zoller, W. H., May, W. E. (1983) Dynamic coupled-column liquid chromatographic determination of ambient temperature vapor pressures of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal. Chem. 55, 275-280. 

The most commonplace substrates in energy-transfer analytical CL methods are aryl oxalates such as to(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) and z s(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate (DNPO), which are oxidized with hydrogen peroxide [7, 8], In this process, which is known as the peroxyoxalate-CL (PO-CL) reaction, the fluorophore analyte is a native or derivatized fluorescent organic substance such as a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, dansylamino acid, carboxylic acid, phenothiazine, or catecholamines, for example. The mechanism of the reaction between aryl oxalates and hydrogen peroxide is believed to generate dioxetane-l,2-dione, which may itself decompose to yield an excited-state species. Its interaction with a suitable fluorophore results in energy transfer to the fluorophore, and the subsequent emission can be exploited to develop analytical CL-based determinations. 

Humason, A.W. and D.F. Gadbois. 1982. Determination of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the New York Bight Area. Mimeo MSG-506. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Gloucester, MA. 

McGinnes, P.R. and V.L. Snoeyink. 1974. Determination of the Fate of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Natural Water Systems. Univ. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Water Res. Center, UILU-WRC — 74-0080, Res. Rep. No. 80. 56 pp. 

The complex [Rh(MeOH)2(diphos)]+ (diphos = l,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)eth-ane) has been reported to hydrogenate polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons under mild conditions (60 °C, 1 bar H2) [17]. A kinetic study of the hydrogenation of 9-CF3CO-anthracene to the corresponding 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracene was consistent with a rapid conversion of the precursor to [Rh( 76-anthracene)(diphos)]+ and a rate-determining step involving the reaction of the latter complex with H2... 

Afghan, B.K. and Wilkinson, R.J. (1981 ) Method for determination of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Samples HPLG-multidetection system. Environment Canada, Manuscript 20-AMD 3-81 -BKA. 

To determine the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, approved methods (e.g., EPA SW-846 8021B, SW-846 8260) are not only recommended but are insisted upon for regulatory issues. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be present in condensate, and evaluation of condensate contamination should include the use of other test methods (EPA SW-846 8270, SW-846 8310) provided that the detection limits are adequate to the task of soil and groundwater protection. Generally, at least one analysis may be required for the most contaminated sample location from each source area. Condensate releases in nonsensitive areas require analysis for naphthalene only. The analysts should ensure that the method has detection limits that are appropriate for risk determinations. 

A number of different testing kits based on immunoassay technology are available for rapid field determination of certain groups of compounds, such as benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (EPA 4030) or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA 4035, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Immunoassay). The immunoassay screening kits are self-contained portable field kits that include components for sample preparation, instrumentation to read assay results, and immunoassay reagents. 

Determination of Certain Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Municipal and Industrial Discharges using LLE... 

MacCrehan, W. A., W. E. May, S. D. Yang, and G. A. Benner, Jr., Determination of Nitro Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air and Diesel Particulate Matter Using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical and Fluorescence Detection, Anal Chem., 60, 194-199 (1988). 

Nielsen, T., P. Clausen, and F. P. Jensen, Determination of Basic Azaarenes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Airborne Particulate Matter by Gas Chromatography, Anal. Chim. Acta, 187, 223-231 (1986). 

Paputa-Peck, M. C., R. S. Marano, D. Schuetzle, T. L. Riley, C. V. Hampton, T. J. Prater, L. M. Skewes, T. E. Jensen, P. H. Ruehle, L. C. Bosch, and W. P. Duncan, Determination of Nitrated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Particulate Extracts by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen Selective Detection, Anal. Chem., 55, 1946-1954(1983). 

Ramdahl, T., J. A. Sweetman, B. Zielinska, W. P. Harger, A. M. Winer, and R. Atkinson, Determination of Nitrofluoranthenes and Nitropyrenes in Ambient Air and Their Contribution to Direct Mutagenicity, presented at the Tenth Anniversary of the International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Columbus, OH, October 21-23, 1985b. 

Nielsen, T., Clausen, P.A. and Jensen, F.P. (1986) Determination of basic azaarenes and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter by gas chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta, 187, 223-31. 

Enzyme immunoassay kits are now available for qualitative field testing or for laboratory screening and semiquantitative analysis of pesticides, herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), mononuclear and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol, nitroorganics, and many other compounds in aqueous and soil samples. Certain analytes may be quantitatively determined as well, with a degree of accuracy comparable to gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography determination. The method is rapid and inexpensive. 

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (a coal-tar distillate fraction) — Solvent extraction and determination by HPLC, GC-FID or GC/MS enzyme immunoassay testing may be applied for semiquantitive determination. 

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are aromatic compounds that contain two or more benzene rings fused together. These substances may be analyzed by HPLC, GC, GC/MS and enzyme immunoassay techniques. The latter is a rapid screening method that may be applied for a qualitative or semiquanti-tative determination Test kits are commercially available for such screening. U.S. EPA (1995) has specified a method (Draft Method 4035) that detects a range of PAHs to different degrees and measures the composite of individual responses to determine the total PAHs in the sample. 

Lopez Garcia, A., E. Blanco Gonzalez, J.I. Garcia Alonso, and A. Sanz-Medel. 1992. Potential of micelle-mediated procedures in the sample preparation steps for the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in waters. Anal. Chim. Acta 264 241-248. 

Negrao, M.R. and M.F. Alpendurada. 1998. Solvent-free method for the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in waste water by solid-phase microextraction-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. J. Chromatogr. A 823 211-218. 

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